Epilepsia del lóbulo temporal: una revisión de tema sobre el abordaje diagnóstico

Introduction. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), epilepsy is one of the world’s most frequent neurological disorders. Epileptic seizures are considered to be a clinical manifestation caused by an excessive discharge of neurons in the brain. Its prevalence is higher in Latin America and the Caribbean than in developed countries. In most cases, seizures correspond to temporal lobe epilepsy, whose most common anatomic abnormality is hippocampal sclerosis. The objective is to present the basic epilepsy protocol in a standardized form and its usefulness in surgical planning, in order to perform a correct and timely diagnosis, knowing all of the tools that have been studied until now. Division of Covered Topics. A topic review of the existing literature in the Pubmed, Cochrane and Medline databases from 1980 to 2018 was performed on temporal lobe epilepsy. The anatomy, physiology, physiopathology, clinical presentation and imaging diagnosis of the pathology are concisely presented. Conclusions. This pathology is characterized by having an epileptogenic focus in the temporal lobes, with a high probability of control with surgical techniques that are becoming less aggressive. Diagnoses are made through clinics. However, new structural and functional imaging techniques are the diagnosis method of choice for patients suspected to have this pathology in order to make a more accurate and timely diagnosis.Introducción. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) la epilepsia constituye uno de los trastornos neurológicos más frecuentes en el mundo. Las crisis epilépticas se consideran una manifestación clínica originada por una descarga excesiva de neuronas a nivel cerebral. Su prevalencia es mayor en Latinoamérica y el Caribe que en países desarrollados; las crisis, en la mayoría de los casos, corresponden a la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal, cuya anormalidad anatómica más habitual es la esclerosis del hipocampo. El objetivo es exponer el protocolo básico de epilepsia de manera estandarizada y su utilidad en el planeamiento quirúrgico, y así, conociendo todas las herramientas estudiadas hasta el momento, se realice un adecuado y oportuno diagnóstico. División de los temas tratados. Se realizó una revisión de tema de la literatura existente en las bases de datos Pubmed, Cochrane y Medline desde 1980 hasta 2018 acerca de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal. Se expone de manera concisa la anatomía, fisiología, fisiopatología, presentación clínica y diagnóstico imaginológico de la patología. Conclusiones. Esta patología se caracteriza por tener el foco epileptogénico en los lóbulos temporales con alta probabilidad de control con técnicas quirúrgicas cada vez menos agresivas. El diagnóstico es inducido a través de la clínica; sin embargo, las nuevas técnicas de imagen estructurales y funcionales son el método diagnóstico de elección en pacientes con sospecha de esta patología y, de esta manera, lograr la realización de un diagnóstico más certero y oportuno. [Araujo-Reyes AT, Sandoval J, Carrasco-Ore A, Baquero-Serrano MA. Epilepsia del lóbulo temporal: una revisión de tema sobre el abordaje diagnóstico. MedUNAB. 2019;22(2):228-241. doi:10.29375/01237047.3208

Fatty Liver, Insulin Resistance, and Features of Metabolic Syndrome:Relationships with coronary artery calcium in 10,153 people

OBJECTIVE: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) coexists with insulin resistance (IR), but it is uncertain whether NAFLD and IR contribute independently to atherosclerosis. We tested whether fatty liver, IR, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) features (waist, glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol [HDL-C], and blood pressure) were associated with a marker of atherosclerosis (coronary artery calcium [CAC] score >0), independently of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease (CVD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were analyzed from a South Korean occupational cohort of 10,153 people who all received ultrasound measurements of fatty liver and a cardiac computed tomography CAC score. IR was defined by homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) ≥75th percentile. Odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) for the presence of a CAC score >0 were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 915 people with a CAC score >0. MetS features were increased (glucose, blood pressure, triglyceride, and waist) or decreased (HDL-C) among people with a CAC score >0 (all comparisons against CAC score ≤0; P < 0.0001). Of subjects with a CAC score >0, 55% had fatty liver and 33.7% were insulin resistant. Fatty liver (OR 1.21 [95% CI 1.01–1.45]; P = 0.04) and HOMA-IR (1.10 [1.02–1.18]; P = 0.02) were associated with CAC score >0, independently of all MetS features, conventional cardiovascular risk factors, and prior evidence of CVD. The presence of IR and fatty liver combined was associated with CAC score >0 (1.53 [1.20–1.95]; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Fatty liver and HOMA-IR are both associated with a CAC score >0 (independently of each other), features of MetS, conventional cardiovascular risk factors, and existing CVD

Vessel co-option mediates resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy in liver metastases

The efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitors in cancer is limited by resistance mechanisms that are poorly understood. Notably, instead of through the induction of angiogenesis, tumor vascularization can occur through the nonangiogenic mechanism of vessel co-option. Here we show that vessel co-option is associated with a poor response to the anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases. Moreover, we find that vessel co-option is also prevalent in human breast cancer liver metastases, a setting in which results with anti-angiogenic therapy have been disappointing. In preclinical mechanistic studies, we found that cancer cell motility mediated by the actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3) is required for vessel co-option in liver metastases in vivo and that, in this setting, combined inhibition of angiogenesis and vessel co-option is more effective than the inhibition of angiogenesis alone. Vessel co-option is therefore a clinically relevant mechanism of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy and combined inhibition of angiogenesis and vessel co-option might be a warranted therapeutic strategy

Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this essay is to highlight the clinical features and imaging findings associated with different types of nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSION: Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism is an infrequent condition with various causes that can be life-threatening pathologic conditions. The entity presents a diagnostic challenge because of the low specificity of clinical symptoms and imaging signs. Awareness of the imaging features of nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism facilitates correct diagnosis and leads to appropriate patient care

Escalating placenta invasiveness: repeated placenta accreta at the limit of viability

Shirley Greenbaum,1 Alla Khashper,2 Elad Leron,1 Eric Ohana,1 Mihai Meirovitz,1 Reli Hershkovitz,1 Offer Erez1 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be&rsquo;er Sheva, Israel Abstract: Placenta percreta is an obstetric condition in which the placenta invades through the myometrium. This is the most severe form of placenta accreta and may result in spontaneous uterine rupture, a rare complication that threatens the life of both mother and fetus. In this case report, we describe a 32-year-old woman in her fourth pregnancy, diagnosed with repeated placenta accreta, which was eventually complicated by spontaneous uterine rupture at 24&nbsp;weeks&rsquo; gestation. This patient had a history of abnormal placentation in prior pregnancies and previous uterine injuries. This case demonstrates a pattern of escalating placental invasiveness, and raises questions regarding the process of abnormal placentation and the manifestation of uterine rupture in scarred uteri. Keywords: placenta percreta, uterine injury, laparoscopy, dilatation and curettage, residua, cesarean section scar, spontaneous uterine ruptur