The Impact of Pollution on Children's Health: A Call for Global Accountability and Enforcement

Environmental pollution in large industrial centers has had a negative impact on the population's health, specifically among children. Our objective is to provide a systematic review of the literature, focusing on the impact of environmental pollutants from urban and metropolitan areas on pediatric health. Disregard for the Earth's atmosphere can negatively impact our fragile ecosystem and create a global toxicity. The impact of industrial growth and economic development has become paramount to modern society. Unfortunately, futuregenerations will pay the consequences of the world's failure to implement regulations to secure a safe environment for our children's health and development. Pollutants penetrate an organism through different routes and change physiological processes, which leads to a decrease in microbial resistance by weakening the child's immune system. The major contaminants are: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead, manganese, sulfur dioxide, airborne fine particles, and nitrogen dioxide. Xenobiotics negatively affect the morphological, functional, biochemical parameters, genetics, and epigenetics of the body. It is well documented that the physical development and psychological well-being of children is adversely affected by pollution. The accumulation of heavy metals and other contaminants adversely affected a child's health has been found in the pediatric population. An effort has been made to develop detoxicant remedies, in particular, some enterosorbents and natural adaptogens. Research is ongoing to improve medical rehabilitation of children, who already are affected. Public education and regulations regarding emerging non-pollutant industrial technologies is called for. A global system of accountability and enforcement regarding environmental protection needs to be implemented

Soil Contamination Mapping with Hyperspectral Imagery: Pre- Dnieper Chemical Plant (Ukraine) Case Study

Radioactive contamination of soils is an issue of severe importance for Ukraine remaining with a significant post-Soviet baggage of not settled problems regarding radioactive waste. Regular radioecological observations and up-to-date contamination mapping based on advanced geoinformation techniques give an ability to prepare for, respond to, and manage potential adverse effects from pollution with radionuclides and heavy metals. Hyperspectral satellite imagery provides potentially powerful tool for soil contamination detection and mapping. An intention to find a relation between remotely sensed hyperspectral and ground-based measured soil contamination fractions in area of the uranium mill tailings deposits near Kamianske city was made. An advanced algorithm based on known TCMI (target-constrained minimal interference)-matched filter with a nonnegative constraint was applied to determine the soil contamination fractions by hyperspectral imagery. The time series maps of spatial distribution of the soil contamination fractions within study area around the Sukhachevske tailings dump are presented. Time series analysis of the map resulted in two independent parameters: the average value for the entire observation period and the daily mean increment of the soil contamination fractions

Geostatistical and geospatial assessment of soil pollution with heavy metals in Pavlograd city (Ukraine)

This paper presents the result of studies of the geostatistical and geospatial assessment heavy metal pollution in soils caused by various technogenic sources to assess the environmental impact of industrial agglomeration activitiy in the Pavlograd city. The main sources of technogenic pollution in the Pavlograd city and suburban areas are industrial enterprises, coal-fired plants, mine dumps and other. The vast number of analyzed soil samples with weakly acidic pH values from 6.3 to 6.8 is characterized as loam (63 %), the rest are sand (33 %) and clay soils (4 %). The correlation matrix of metals data indicates positive correlation with correlation coefficient r 2 > 0.5 among texture – Ni (0.705) and Pb – Zn (0.695) within the Pavlograd city area. In the case of Cu (2.73) and Cd (4.27), the geoaccumulation index indicated “moderately to strongly” and “strongly to extremely” polluted soils accordingly. Means of pollution index (PI) for heavy metals were between uncontaminated ( PI ≤ 1) and of moderate contaminated soils ( PI ≥ 1).The results of this study show that industrial enterprises’ activities lead to heavy metal contamination in the topsoil of the studied sites and close to the background values. Similar properties were confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The PCA and cluster analysis results indicate that Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn in topsoil were affected by the technogenic activity. The spatial distribution characteristics of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn in the geochemical maps are also similar. Highlighted are some of the halos in Pavlograd of high density of total soil contamination with heavy metals. The metals come from anthropogenic sources, mainly produced with four industrial enterprises in Pavlograd city. Mostly they are concentrated in the Southeast and West of the city and suburban areas of the Pavlograd district. Therefore, it is necessary arrangements to predict of the development of ecologically dangerous state of environmental pollution within the area of industrial enterprises of city

The Numeric Forecast of Air Pollution Caused by a Blasting Accident in the Enterprise Responsible for Rocket Fuel Utilization in Ukraine

Biliaiev M. M. The Numeric Forecast of Air Pollution Caused by a Blasting Accident in the Enterprise Responsible for Rocket Fuel Utilization in Ukraine / M. M. Biliaiev, M. M. Kharytonov // Disposal of Dangerous Chemicals in Urban Areas and Mega Cities / editors: Ian Barnes, Krzysztof J. Rudziński. — Dordrecht, 2013. — Chapter 25. — P. 313—327. — (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. — Vol. 120.) Наводиться фрагмент статті. Використані метадані з http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883335353&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&sid=1E8E8CF927E5398747048AA106C6558D.I0QkgbIjGqqLQ4Nw7dqZ4A%3a70&sot=a&sdt=a&sl=149&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28%22Numeric+Forecast+of+Air+Pollution+Caused+by+a+Blasting+Accident+in+the+Enterprise+Responsible+for+Rocket+Fuel+Utilization+in+Ukraine%22%29&relpos=0&relpos=0&citeCnt=0EN: A mathematical model which can take into account all the scenarios of accidents has been developed. The code AIR-SIM was worked out on the basis of the described difference schemes. This code was used to simulate the atmospheric pollution for different accidents on the territory of the Pavlograd Chemical Plant. In particular, a numerical model was used to predict the atmospheric pollution in the case of HCN emission from the opening at the roof of the building. During the numerical experiment the dynamic of the toxic dose in each room was determined for each case study. It was established that the hitting zone will be about 6 km. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013.Дніпропетровський державний аграрний університе

Численное моделирование загрязнения атмосферы после аварии на аммиакопроводе "Тольятти - Одесса"

Biliaiev M. M. Numerical Simulation of the Atmosphere Pollution After Accident at the "Tolliaty - Odessa" Ammonia Pipe / M. M. Biliaiev, L. V. Amelina, M. M. Kharytonov // Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXII / editors: Douw G. Steyn, Peter J. H. Builtjes, Renske M. A. Timmermans. — Dordrecht, 2013. — Chapter 66. — P. 391—395. — (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. — Vol. 137.). Використані метадані з http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84885399268&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=%22Numerical+Simulation+of+the+Atmosphere+Pollution+After+Accident+at+the+%22Tolliaty+-+Odessa%22+Ammonia+Pipe%22&sid=1E8E8CF927E5398747048AA106C6558D.I0QkgbIjGqqLQ4Nw7dqZ4A%3a320&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=120&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28%22Numerical+Simulation+of+the+Atmosphere+Pollution+After+Accident+at+the+%22Tolliaty+-+Odessa%22+Ammonia+Pipe%22%29&relpos=0&relpos=0&citeCnt=0&searchTerm=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28\%26quot%3BNumerical+Simulation+of+the+Atmosphere+Pollution+After+Accident+at+the+\%26quot%3BTolliaty+-+Odessa\%26quot%3B+Ammonia+Pipe\%26quot%3B%29EN: The results of numerical simulation of environment pollution after accident at the ammonia pipe are presented in this paper. The problem was solved for two different scenarios. Firstly only the ammonia ejection into the atmosphere was considered. 3D equation of pollutant dispersion (k - gradient model) and model of potential flow were used to simulate the process of air pollution. At the second step the problems of river Dnepr pollution and evaporation of ammonia from the water surface were considered. The developed numerical models and the code were used to calculate the scale of the air and water pollution. The code was used to calculate the toxic gas penetration into the dwellings of the settlements which are situated near the ammonia pipe. It allowed obtaining the information about the possibility of safety people evacuation. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

Remediation Potential of Forest Forming Tree Species Within Northern Steppe Reclamation Stands

The aim of the research was to study the features of accumulation of heavy metals by assimilation apparatus of coniferous and deciduous arboreous plants. The research identified excess of factual concentrations for Arsenic in mining rock in relation to values stated in IPC (indicative permissible concentrations). It is stated that the metals can be divided into three groups according to their absolute content in unit of foliage biomass. The element of excessive concentration is Mn, medium concentration is characteristic for Pb and Zn and low concentration is observed for Sb, Cr, As, Cu, Ni and Sn. Calculation of coefficient of biological accumulation of the metals under research has shown its high values for Crimean pine. The data presented for Black locust indicate low values of coefficient of biological accumulation, which is best noticeable for Chromium, Antimony and Tin. It is determined that a small amount of Sb and Sn are a subject to uptake by Black locust leaves, whilst for Crimean pine needles, Sb and As are characterised by the lowest inflow. The average content of lead is 209.11 kg·ha−1 for Crimean pine in all age groups of trees, whilst for Black locust, this index is only 15.52 kg·ha−1, which is 13.5 times less. Zinc accumulation is better performed by Black locust leaves, and it gradually decreases with increasing age. No definite trend of redistribution and subsequent accumulation of copper depending on tree species and age was found

Экспертные системы для оценки влияния катастроф на окружающую среду

Biliaiev, M. M. Expert Systems for Assessing Disaster Impact on the Environment / M. M. Biliaiev, N. Rostochilo, M. Kharytonov // Improving Disaster Resilience and Mitigation - IT Means and Tools / editors: H.-N. Teodorescu, A. Kirschenbaum, S. Cojocaru, C. Bruderlein. — Dordrecht, 2014. — Chapter 10. — P. 153—165. — (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. — Vol. XVI.).EN: This paper presents expert systems and the numerical models to simulate atmosphere pollution after accidents with toxic substances. The expert systems allow one to assess impact on the person or environment after accidents of different types at chemical enterprises or storages. The process of toxic gas dispersion in the atmosphere is computed using the convective-diffusive equation. To compute the flow field among the buildings, two fluid dynamic models are used. The first fluid dynamic model is based on the 3-D equation of the potential flow. The second fluid dynamic model is based on the 2-D equations of the inviscid separated flows. To solve the convective-diffusive equation of the toxic gas dispersion in the atmosphere, the implicit change-triangle difference scheme is used. To solve the equations of the fluid dynamic models the A.A. Samarski’s difference scheme of splitting and change-triangle scheme are used. The developed numerical models have two submodels. The first submodel was developed to simulate the process of the atmosphere pollution after the accident spillages and the evaporation of the toxic substance from the soil. The second submodel allows predicting the air pollution inside the rooms in the case of the outdoor toxic gas infiltration into the room. The developed systems allow assessing the safety of the evacuation route. The developed expert system can be used to solve some specific problems such as the assessment of efficiency of protection measures which are developed to reduce the negative impact on the environment