Recycling of Products Causing Pollution: A Suggestive Reverse Supply Chain Model for India

Introduction The concept of reuse of metal scrap, waste paper, packing materials, soft drink bottles, etc has been in viable existence for some time. The primary reason for this is the simple fact that recycling of the used product is far more economical than disposal. Further, concerns for the environment have also promoted inclusion of several new products to the above list of ‘reusable’ items. Globally, waste reduction efforts have incubated the idea of developing reverse supply chains for recycling instead of only the forward supply chain. Total paper recycled in Europe, during 1994 was only 27.7 million tonnes. Thereafter, consumer awareness assured an annual increase in collections by about 70 per cent. By year 2000 Europe was recovering 43 per cent of the total paper consumption. During the same period, recycling of glass in Europe grew by almost 10 per cent (in tonnes collected) to more than 7 million tonnes, with a recycling rate of about 60 per cent (EUROSTAT, 1997).  Regulations in Germany mandate recovery rate for packaging materials between 60 per cent and 75 per cent. The Netherlands reuses 46 per cent of all industrial waste (CBS, 1997). In these cases the concept of reuse gave rise to a new material flow system, i.e. from the user back to the producers. ‘The management of this material flow opposite to the conventional supply chain is a fast growing field and now addressed as reverse logistics’ (Stock, 1992) (Kopicky, 1993).  DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.340598

Primary pleomorphic adenoma of the parapharyngeal space

Parapharyngeal space (PPS) tumors are rare, accounting for 0.5% of all head-and-neck neoplasms. Most of them are benign and originate in the salivary glands. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor originating from PPS. We report a case of a 32-year-old patient presented with the complaints of a snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and painless parapharyngeal mass from 3 to 4 years. As PPS tumors are difficult to diagnose early due to their complex anatomy and vague presentation, histopathological examination remains the gold standard for final diagnosis

Utilizing Three Different Biochars for Attenuation of Toxic Acidic Mine Spoils Reflected by Lixiviate Quality Vis-a-Vis Phyto-Toxicity on Ocimum sanctum and Cassia angustifolia

Acidic mine rejects of pyretic sulphur coal mines were treated with biochar prepared from different feedstocks (distilled waste of Cymbopogonflexuosus (lemongrass) and Cymbopogonwinterianus (Citronella) and the bark of Eucalyptuscitriodora. The quality of lixiviate collected at three intervals (0, 15, and 30 days) from each treated and untreated mine waste was examined, and holy basil (Ocimumsanctum) and East Indian senna (Cassiaangustifolia) bioassays were carried out. Results indicate that all three biochars improve the lixiviate quality, i.e., Enhanced the pH of lixiviate up to 3 units and reduces phytotoxicity. However, their magnitude of impact on lixiviates quality and phytotoxicity was different. The biochar prepared from the distilled waste of Cymbopogonflexuosus showed more promising results. The neutralizing capacity and dissolved organic carbon content were the significant factors for the discrimination of the amendments. The tolerance of O. sanctum and C. angustifolia was significantly different from each other for a particular treatment