(Negative) concord and head directionality in Western Armenian

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 221-227).This thesis focuses on concord structures found in Western Armenian. I label a structure as concord if two morphemes found in the same clause bear the same feature, yet only result in one semantic interpretation of that feature. The main focus of the thesis is that of negative concord in Western Armenian. Other concord phenomena are also examined: complementizer and additive concord. I draw a parallel between all of these structures, demonstrating that they can be analyzed using the same system of Agreement of the relevant features. A striking similarity between all these concord structures is the optionality of the morphemes involved. Negative morphemes, complementizer heads, and additive markers are optional in Western Armenian. These concord structures bring about some issues regarding head directionality. Western Armenian is a generally head-final language. Certain domains exhibit both head-initial and head-final possible structures. These are found in the complementizers and the adpositions of the language. The complementizer phrases (CPs) which contain more than one morpheme bearing the same feature, are comprised of one head final and one head initial morpheme. Either can be uttered without the other being realized, and both are possible in the same clause as well. Variation, in this case with regards to head direction, is usually studied across multiple languages or across phrase types within a single language; however, WA is a language where variation is seen within the same type of phrase. Western Armenian gives us insights into systems that usually only show one setting in any given language. In analyzing these novel patterns of variability I argue that unique stress and prosodic properties help me unlock these puzzles.by Hrayr Khanjian.Ph.D

Negative Concord in Western Armenian

This paper examines a unique phenomena of negative concord found in Western Ar-menian (WA). When two negative morphemes appear together in the same clause, there are two possible interpretations that result cross-linguistically. Either each negative morpheme contributes a negation to the semantics, known as double nega-tion (DN) or the two morphemes surface as one instance of negation, know as neg-ative concord (NC)

Stress Dependent Vowel Reduction

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Effect of the angle of attack of a rectangular wing on the heat transfer enhancement in channel flow at low Reynolds number

Convective heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by generating secondary flow structures that are added to the main flow to intensify the fluid exchange between hot and cold regions. One method involves the use of vortex generators to produce streamwise and transverse vortices superimposed to the main flow. This study presents numerical computation results of laminar convection heat transfer in a rectangular channel whose bottom wall is equipped with one row of rectangular wing vortex generators. The governing equations are solved using finite volume method by considering steady state, laminar regime and incompressible flow. Three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to study the effect of the angle of attack α of the wing on heat transfer and pressure drop. Different values are taken into consideration within the range 0° < α < 30°. For all of these geometrical configurations the Reynolds number is maintained to Re = 456. To assess the effect of the angle of attack on the heat transfer enhancement, Nusselt number and the friction factor are studied on both local and global perspectives. Also, the location of the generated vortices within the channel is studied, as well as their effect on the heat transfer enhancement throughout the channel for all α values. Based on both local and global analysis, our results show that the angle of attack α has a direct impact on the heat transfer enhancement. By increasing its value, it leads to better enhancement until an optimal value is reached, beyond which the thermal performances decrease

Cross-linguistic representations of numerals and number marking

Inspired by Partee (2010), this paper defends a broad thesis that all modifiers, including numeral modifiers, are restrictive in the sense that they can only restrict the denotation of the NP or VP they modify. However, the paper concentrates more narrowly on numeral modification, demonstrating that the evidence that motivated Ionin & Matushansky (2006) to assign non-restrictive, privative interpretations to numerals -- assigning them functions that map singular sets to sets containing groups -- is in fact consistent with restrictive modification. Ionin & Matushansky (2006)'s argument for this type of interpretation is partly based on the distribution of Turkish numerals which exclusively combine with singular bare nouns. Section 2 demonstrates that Turkish singular bare nouns are not semantically singular, but rather are unspecified for number. Western Armenian has similar characteristics. Building on some of the observations in section 2, section 3 demonstrates that restrictive modification can account for three different types of languages with respect to the distribution of numerals and plural nouns: (i) languages where numerals exclusively combine with plural nouns (e.g., English), (ii) languages where they exclusively combine with singular bare nouns (e.g., Turkish), (iii) languages where they optionally combine with either type of noun (e.g., Western Armenian). Accounting for these differences crucially involves making a distinction between two kinds of restrictive modification among the numerals: subsective vs. intersective modification. Section 3 also discusses why privative interpretations of numerals have trouble accounting for these different language types

Effect of rectangular winglet pair roll angle on the heat transfer enhancement in laminar channel flow

Convective heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by generating secondary flow structures that are added to the main flow to intensify the fluid exchange between hot and cold regions in the system. One method involves the use of vortex generators to produce streamwise and transverse vortices on the top of the main flow. This study presents numerical computation results on laminar convection heat transfer in a rectangular channel which bottom wall is equipped with rectangular winglet pair vortex generators. The governing equations are solved using finite volume method by considering steady state, laminar regime and incompressible fluid. Three dimensional numerical simulations are performed to study the effect of the generators\u27 roll-angle β on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. Different values of roll-angle β in the range [20°–90°] are considered, while maintaining a constant angle of attack (α = 30°) for all the cases. The influence of the Reynolds number is also studied for values 456 and 911 (based on the channel hydraulic diameter). Both local and global analyses of the thermal performances are carried out using parameters such as the Nusselt number and the friction coefficient. In addition, the position and strength of the longitudinal vortices created are presented and discussed, highlighting their effect on the heat transfer rates throughout the duct, for the various generators\u27 roll-angles. Finally, from both local and global investigations, it is found that the optimal values of the roll-angle, determined for each Reynolds number, are not necessarily 90°, which corresponds to the widely used configuration in the open literature

Effect of the angle of attack of a rectangular vortex generator on the heat transfer in a parallel plate flow

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Heat transfer enhancement in channel flow downstream a rectangular winglet pair vortex generator

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