Oral Cancer: Epidemiology, Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment

One of the most common types of cancer is head and neck cancer. Head and neck cancers are the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the most common cancer in developing countries. Oral cancer, which is a subset of head and neck cancers, refers to any cancerous growth in the oral cavity. Risk factors for oral cancer include age, malnutrition, genetic factors, family history, X-rays, papilloma virus, alcohol, smoking, tobacco, which three last are the strongest risk factors. The destructive link between tobacco products and human cancers stems from a powerful combination of two factors - nicotine and carcinogens. The highest incidence of tobacco related oral cancer is seen in low and middle income countries. The chance of curing oral cancers increases if they are diagnosed and treated early. At least three-quarters of all oral cancers can be prevented by quitting smoking and drinking alcohol. Screening programs can be valuable in patients from high-risk groups (smokers and alcoholics) or in patients with a previous diagnosis of cancer outside the head and neck

DETERMINING THE IMPACT RATE OF TRIAGE TRAINING ON AWARENESS AND SKILL LEVEL OF PRE-HOSPITAL EMERGENCY PERSONNEL OF FASA CITY

Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim of determining the impact of triage training on awareness and skill level of pre-hospital emergency personnel of Fasa City. The present study is applied in respect of objective. Methods: The statistical population of this study includes all members of crisis management system of Fasa emergency 115 (n=103) that the sample was considered equal to the population. The questionnaire has been adjusted based on 5-value Likert scale. For analysis of data collected from Pearson correlation coefficient, the research hypotheses were examined and tested using SPSS software version 18. Results: There is a significant positive relation between participating in training courses and triage awareness of Fasa city pre-hospital emergency personnel. Also, there is a significant and positive relation between participating in training courses and triage skill of Fasa City pre-hospital emergency personnel. Conclusion: Study concludes that, with healthcare information, it is recommended that the topics relating to performance and awareness to be noticed by authorities. Peer Review History: Received 16 February 2018;   Revised 25 February; Accepted 5 March, Available online 15 March 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Lucky Llegbosi Nwidu, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Dr. Luisetto Mauro, AUSL PC, Piacenza Area,  Italy, [email protected] Similar Articles: THE RELATION BETWEEN GENERAL HEALTH AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN PERSONNEL OF SHIRAZ CITY EMERGENCY IN 201

THE RELATION BETWEEN GENERAL HEALTH AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN PERSONNEL OF SHIRAZ CITY EMERGENCY IN 2017

Objectives: Health is the fundamental right of every human and a social goal and all governments and organizations are bound to supply individuals' health and organizational performance is considered one of the most important structures discussed in management projects and undoubtedly the most important criterion of assessing success in commercial companies. The general objective of this study is to examine the relation between general health and organizational performance of authorities and personnel of Shiraz city emergency in 2017. This study is applied in respect of objective. Methods: The statistical population in the present study includes all Shiraz City emergency personnel. And their number according to obtained results is 200 persons that based on the table of Cochran sample content, 125 persons were specified as research sample. In this study, two questionnaires were used. Firstly, for examining the general health, Goldberg and Hiller measurement instrument (1979) was used. Also, for examining the organizational performance, Heresy and Goldsmith questionnaire was used. For analysis of the collected data Pearson correlation coefficient test and regression were used and using SPSS software version 18, the research hypotheses were examined. Results: The results of the research showed that there is a significant and positive relation between general health and organizational performance of Shiraz City emergency personnel and also there is a significant and positive relation between physical symptoms, signs of social function as components of general health and organizational performance of Shiraz city emergency personnel. There is a negative relation between anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms as components of general health and organizational performance of Shiraz city emergency personnel. Conclusion: The results of multiple correlation coefficient show that there is a direct and significant relation between components of general health and organizational performance ( r=0.499) and the determination factor r2 shows that 25% of organizational performance variance is related to the mentioned factors and 75% is related to factors out of model. Therefore, training general health and organizational performance should be one of operational goals of Shiraz city emergency personnel and this should be considered in training planning. Peer Review History: Received 16 February 2018;   Revised 25 February; Accepted 4 March, Available online 15 March 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Taiwo O Elufioye, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, [email protected] Dr. Xinwei Li, Jilin University, China, [email protected] Similar Articles: THE EFFECT OF HOSPITAL MANAGERS' SUCCESSION PLANNING ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF SHOUSHTARI MATERNITY HOSPITAL IN SHIRAZ IN 201

THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MARKETING IN MEDICAL TOURISM INDUSTRY IN POINT OF VIEW OF MEDICAL TOURISM POLICY MAKERS OF SHIRAZ IN 2017

Objectives: Medical tourism refers to traveling to places where the individual could use medical services. Therefore, such a travel requires various activities in any of which the individual health is considered. Main samples of these types of travels include healthcare, beauty of organs, passing convalescence and rehabilitation, using hydrotherapy springs and good climate regions. The general objective of this study is to analyze the relation between digital marketing and medical tourism in point of view of Shiraz medical tourism policy makers. Methods: This study is applied in respect of objective and in respect of collecting descriptive information it is of correlation studies type in which data collection was performed through library and field method. The statistical population of this study includes all strategic personnel and managers of Shiraz Medical Sciences University which is equal to 97. Regarding Cochran table for low number societies, the sample number was considered equal to the population. For collecting data, for the role of digital marketing in medical tourism industry from view of Shiraz medical tourism policy makers, scholar made questionnaire was used. This questionnaire includes 40 questions. The questionnaires were regulated based on 5-value Likert scale. Reliability and validity of this questionnaire was confirmed. For statistical techniques used for analysis of data obtained from the questionnaire, various statistical methods have been used. In the research descriptive section, descriptive statistical methods, relative frequency distribution and its percent diagrams have been used. And in the inferential statistics analysis, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test has been used for investigating data normality and then Pearson correlation factor and route analysis have been used Results: The study results showed that there is a relation between digital marketing and medical tourism from viewpoint of Shiraz medical tourism policy makers. Also, there is a relation between factors relating to product or service, advertising, place, individuals, evidences and physical facilities and price and medical tourism from viewpoint of Shiraz medical tourism policy makers. Conclusion: Study concludes that, educating usage of modern marketing methods and mixing them should be one of operational objectives of healthcare organization and this should be considered in educational planning. Peer Review History: Received 18 February 2018;   Revised 23 February; Accepted 4 March, Available online 15 March 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 4.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Sabah Hussien El-Ghaiesh, Tanta University, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Taiwo O Elufioye, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, [email protected]

آگاهی و مهارت اعضای تیم مدیریت بحران بیمارستان در مورد تریاژ در زمان بحران؛ یک مطالعه مقطعی

Introduction: At times of disaster, considering the large number of injured patients and limited availability of equipment and service, the injured need to be classified accurately in order to receive the best treatment. The present study was designed aiming to evaluate the knowledge and skill of a hospital’s disaster management team regarding triage at times of disaster. Methods: The present cross-sectional study carried out in 2016 aimed to evaluate the knowledge and skill of the disaster management team in Shahid Rajaei Hospital, Gachsaran, Iran, regarding triage at times of disaster. An anonymous questionnaire designed by researchers was used for gathering data. The questionnaire was filled by a researcher after meeting the disaster team in person and explaining the aims of the study to them. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and descriptive statsistic tests (central tendency and distribution such as frequency, mean, and standard deviation) as well as inferential ones. Results: In total, 140 questionnaires were filled and gathered. Mean age of participants was 36.42 ± 7.9 (50.7% female). Their mean job experience was 9 ± 6.36 years and their mean experience in emergency department or intensive care unit was 3.03 ± 4.54 years. Mean score for knowledge regarding triage was 5.87 ± 2.35 (0-11) and mean score for skill was 3.67 ± 2.56 (0-9). Mean difference of knowledge score for physicians 6.54 ± 2.22, nurses 6.45 ± 2.09, office workers 4.53 ±2.71, maintenance 4.60 ±1.59, and staff of paraclinical units (laboratory, radiology,…) 6 ± 2.12 did not vary significantly (p = 0.08). There was no significant correlation between job experience and knowledge of triage (p = 0.46, r = 0.01) or triage skill (p = 0.91, r = 0.01). Conclusion: Findings of the present study showed that knowledge and skill of the disaster management team in Shahid Rajaei Hospital, Gachsaran, Iran, regarding triage at times of disaster is poor. No significant relationship was found between these factors and demographic factors such as age, sex, job experience, history of doing triage, level of education, and organizational position. مقدمه: در زمان بحران با توجه به تعداد زیاد مصدومین و محدود بودن امکانات و خدمات نیاز به دسته بندی صحیح و اختصاصی بهترین خدمات برای بیشترین مصدومان و مجروحان وجود دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی سطح آگاهی و مهارت اعضای تیم مدیریت بحران یک بیمارستان در زمینه تریاژ در زمان بحران طراحی شده است. روش کار: مطالعه مقطعی حاضر 1395 با هدف ارزیابی سطح آگاهی و مهارت اعضای تیم مدیریت بحران بیمارستان شهید رجائی گچساران از تریاژ در شرایط بحران طراحی و انجام شد. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها پرسشنامه بی نام و محقق ساخته ای بود که پژوهشگر به طور حضوری و با مراجعه به اعضاء تیم مدیریت بحران بیمارستان و پس از بیان اهداف و دلایل انجام مطالعه تکمیل گردید. داده ها با نرم افزار spss نسخه 22 و با استفاده از روش های آماری توصیفی (گرایش مرکزی و پراکندگی مانند فراوانی، میانگین و انحراف معیار) و استنباطی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. يافته ها: در مجموع 140 پرسشنامه تکمیل و جمع آوری شد. میانگین سنی شرکت کنندگان در مطالعه90/7±  62/34 بود (7/50 درصد زن). میانگین سابقه کار 36/6 ± 9 سال و میانگین سابقه کار در بخش اورژانس یا ویژه 54/4 ± 03/3 بود. میانگین نمره آگاهی از تریاژ 35/2 ± 87/5 (0-11) بود و میانگین نمره مهارت 56/2 ± 67/3 (0-9)بود. اختلاف میانگین نمره آگاهی پزشکان 22/2 ± 54/6، پرستاران 09/2 ± 45/6، اداری 71/2 ± 53/4، خدماتی 59/1 ± 60/4 و پرسنل واحد های پاراکلینیکی (آزمایشگاه، رادیولوژی و ...) 12/2 ± 6 با یکدیگر تفاوت معنی داری نداشت (08/0). بین سابقه کار و آگاهی از تریاژ (06/0 = r،  46/0 = p) و مهارت در زمینه انجام تریاژ (01/0 = r،  91/0 = p) رابطه معناداری وجود نداشت. نتيجه گيری: یافته های مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که آگاهی و مهارت اعضاء تیم مدیریت بحران بیمارستان شهید رجائی گچساران در زمینه تریاژ در شرایط بلایا ضعیف می باشد. در این زمینه هیچ گونه ارتباط معنی داری بین دو فاکتور مذکور و فاکتورهای دموگرافیکی چون سن، جنس، سابقه کار، سابقه انجام تریاژ، سطح تحصیلات و پست سازمانی وجود نداشت

Assessment of Preventive Behaviors of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women in Fasa, Fars Province Based on the Health Belief Model

Background: Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease in postmenopausal women. It seems necessary to determine the factors affecting the adoption of preventive behaviors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women using the patterns that identify the factors influencing behavior. Objectives: To investigate preventive behaviors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Fasa, Fars Province based on the Health Belief Model. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 380 postmenopausal women aged over 50 under the coverage of Fasa health centers. Out of the 6 health centers in Fasa, 2 of them were selected based on cluster sampling method. Then, 190 postmenopausal women were selected from each health centers based on simple random sampling by the household number recorded in the health records. The required data were collected using questionnaire including demographic information, awareness inventory, the Health Belief Model scale, and diet and walking performance questionnaire. The data were statistically analyzed in SPSS 22. Results: The construct of perceived susceptibility for diet and walking performance was predictive. In this study, walking performance had a significant relationship with perceived susceptibility (P=0.001, r=0.76), motivation (P=0.001, r=0.65), perceived benefits (P=0.001, r=0.88), and self-efficacy (P=0.001, r=0.69). In addition, diet performance presented a significant relationship with perceived benefits (P=0.001, r=0.68) and self-efficacy (P=0.001, r=0.28). Conclusion: The study results showed that the higher the perceived susceptibility of individuals, the better the preventive behavior of osteoporosis they adopt. The Health Belief Model can be used as an appropriate framework for the design and implementation of educational programs in order to adopt the preventive behaviors of osteoporosis by postmenopausal women

Effect of Education Based on the Health Belief Model in the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Couples Participating in Premarriage Training Classes

Background and Objective: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most common infectious diseases in the community. Implementing health education interventions is the best strategy available to promote sexual health. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of STDs prevention training in couples based on the health belief model (HBM) in Fasa, Iran. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 70 couples presenting to Fasa health centers in 2016. The participants were randomly assigned to a case or control group (n=35 per group). The study data were collected using a standard questionnaire including demographic variables, the HBM constructs, and couples’ performance in the prevention of STDs, which was completed by both groups before and three months post-intervention. The educational intervention included four 50 to 55-minute sessions in the form of group discussions, as well as questions and answers with educational images. To analyze the data, Chi-square test, independent t-test, and paired t-test were run in SPSS, version 22. Results: The mean age of the participants in the intervention and control groups were 27.02±5.53 and 25.14±4.45 years, respectively. The mean scores of all the HBM constructs and the level of performance of the couples in preventing STDs increased in the intervention group after the intervention (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that designing and implementing educational programs based on the HBM can be effective in prevention of STDs and promotion of sexual health

Melanoma Epidemiology: Symptoms, Causes, and Preventions

Melanoma arises from melanocyte cells. Melanoma spreads faster than basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) if not diagnosed and treated early. Melanocyte tumors cause malignant melanoma. The preponderance of these cells is in the skin, gut, and eye. Melanoma is a rare kind of skin cancer, although it causes 75% of skin cancer deaths. Melanocytes create melanin, a dark pigment, in the skin. Despite years of lab and clinical research, early surgical removal of tiny cancers remains the most successful treatment. The deadliest skin cancer is melanoma. Skin melanocytes are involved. Melanocytes produce skin pigment melanin. Melanin protects skin against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Skin cancer is the most common form in the United States. When diagnosed early, skin cancer can be treated with topical medications, office therapies, or outpatient surgery. Dermatologists treat skin disorders and conditions. Skin cancer causes less than 1% of cancer fatalities. Detection and treatment of melanoma in its early stages are typically curable. Once melanoma spreads further into the skin or other organs, it becomes incurable and potentially lethal. Early detection of melanoma in the United States is anticipated to result in a 5-year survival rate of roughly 99%

Effect of Behavioral Intention Model-based Education on Decrease the Rate of Caesarean Delivery among Pregnant Women

Caesarean section is considered as a major surgery which is accompanied by several complications. The present study aimed to determine the effect of behavioral intention model-based educational intervention on reducing the caesarean section among pregnant women. The present interventional study was conducted on 100 primiparous women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were covered by the health and treatment centers of Fasa city, placed in Fars province, Iran. The subjects were selected through simple random sampling and divided into an intervention and a control group. After the pre-test, the intervention group underwent exclusive training based on the behavioral intention model. Then, both groups took part in the post-test and the data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test, and chi-square tests. The results of the study revealed a significant difference between the two groups regarding knowledge, evaluation of the outcomes, attitude, and intention (P&lt;0.001). The results of the chi-square test also showed a significant difference between the two groups regarding their performance (P&lt;0.001). According to the results, the present intervention was effective in increasing the pregnant women’s knowledge, evaluation of outcomes, attitude and strengthening their intention as well as performance. Thus, this model and other systematic trainings are suggested to be used for pregnant women in order to decrease the rate of caesarean section.

Effectiveness of a Training Program based in PRECEDE Model on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Female Students

Background Fruit and vegetable consumption increases students' health and growth and strengthens their mental activities. The present study aimed to investigates a training program based on PRECEDE model on fruit and vegetable consumption by female students in high schools of Fasa, Iran. Materials and Methods This is a quasi –experimental study. The research sample includes 100 female high school students in Fasa city, Fars Province, Iran, who were randomly assigned to two groups of control (n=50) and experimental (n=50) groups. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire that included items on demographic characteristics and the PERCEDE model components (knowledge, attitude, enabling and reinforcing factors and performance). Educational intervention for the experimental group was carried out in four sessions which each lasting 55 to 60 minutes, and subjects were followed for 2 months. The questionnaires were administered to both groups before and 3 months after the intervention. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS version 18.0 statistical software. Results The average performance score of experimental and control groups regarding fruits and vegetables consumption was 15.15±2.44 and 14.96±2.12 (before the intervention) and 28.22±2.22 and 16.1±11.32 (after the intervention). Mean scores of predisposing (knowledge and attitude), reinforcing, and enabling factors showed a significant difference in the experimental group in comparison the control group (