The Role of Micro Credit in Poverty Alleviation

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the role of micro credit in poverty reduction for the period 2009 to 2011. This shows that due to utilization of micro credit literacy rate is increased and there is a decrease in poverty occurs. All the results are highly significant and due to micro credit the literacy rate of several families have increased and some were remained unchanged. On the basis of pair t-statistic we have rejected the null hypothesis (ho: lesser the role of micro credit, lesser would be the chances of poverty alleviation) and accepted the alternative hypothesis that (HI: higher the role of micro credit, greater would be the chances of poverty alleviation).  This paper concluded that the micro credit plays a very vital role in poverty alleviation and government and regulatory authority should try to increase the volumes of micro credit and subsidized the micro credit institutions to facilitate and enlarge the volume of credit. Socially and economically viable projects should be financed. Keywords: Micro credit, poverty alleviation, paired T-statistic, Observation, Interview

Momentum Strategies and Karachi Stock Exchange

The objectives of this study is to investigate the momentum effect in Karachi stock exchange by taking the CAPM model as an assumption of investor’s momentum hypothesis. This study analyzed 16 momentum strategies based on partial rebalancing, Docile, and equal weighted techniques. The data of 83 companies listed at KSE-100 Index from 2007 to 2014 has used for analysis. The returns of winner portfolio were positive only in 1 out of 16 strategies while the returns of zero cost portfolios were positive in four out of 16 strategies. Moreover a diminishing trend in losses stated in 14 strategies has observed. Our analysis confirmed that loser portfolio is solitarily producing profit of our zero cost portfolios. We have also examined that weather returns have been earned due to Manager Performance or Systematic Risk. In all momentum strategies the value of beta and alpha confirmed that Return can be boosted by taking short position in loser’s portfolio with respect to winner portfolio and it also confirmed that there is no need to take more excessive risk. This study concluded that Winner and winner minus loser’s portfolio firms of KSE do not follow the momentum effect while loser’s portfolio firms of KSE follow the momentum effect. This study concluded and found low and significant momentum effect at Karachi stock exchange and these results are aligned with Mohsin (2012), Ji, Griffin  and  Martin (2003), Chui, and Rouwenhorst (1999). A further possibility of momentum shall exist in KSE if the sample increases and uses the daily data of listed company at KSE-100 index. Keywords: Karachi Stock Exchange, Momentum strategies, Momentum portfolio, Winner portfolio, Loser’s Portfolio, Zero cost portfolios, Systematic Risk

Formation And Kinetics Of Dissociation Of Some Pentaaquotrihalomethyl Chromium(Iii) Ions.

The present.study was an investigation of the formation and kinetic stability of store complexes contain.ir)ing a chromium-carbon bond in an aqueous medium. An orange-brown pentaaquotrifluoromethylchromium(III) ion was obtained by the reduction of trifluororrethyl iodide with Cr(II) and is the most inert of any organochrotnium(III) complex known. The initial aquation rates of trifluoromethylchromium(III) ion were described by the differential rate law -dln [(H2O)5CrCF32+]/dt = ko + k1(H+) The products of the initial reaction were hexaaquochromium (III), carbon monoxide and HF. The values of ko and k1 at 45° were 5.21 x 10-1 and 9.38 x 10M-1sec-1 respectively. The activation parameters for the acid independent and acid dependent pathways were: ΔH+ = 19.7 kcal/more, ΔS+ = -27.4 cal-deg-1mole-1; and ΔHǂ1 = 23.4 kcal/mole and ΔSǂ1 = -12.7 cal-deg-1mole-1. The acceleration in the aquation with time was observed indicating autocatalysis by a product of the reaction. An intermediate, (Cr( OH2)4FCrCF31+ ), was separated from the aquation reaction solution; this same ion was also formed immediately when fluoride ion was added to the (H2)5CrCF32+ ion in 0.05M perchloric acid. The added fluoride ion also increased the rate of aquation. Rapid formation of (Cr(OH2)4FCrCF31+) ion was attributed to the strong stabilizing effect of the trifluoromethyl ligand on water molecules in the inner coordination sphere of chromium( III). A solvent-assisted mechanism for the aquation of pentaaquotrifluoromethyl-chromium(III) ion was proposed in which an activated complex was formed which dissociated in a concerted manner to give the products. Also, a reaction sequence was proposed for the complete aquation reaction which was consistent with the rate laws, the effect of added fluoride ion and the activation parameters. Pink organochromium(III) species of 2+ charge was isolated in the reduction of carbon tetrachloride and carbon tetrabromide with chromium( II). he pink species have ·chromium:carbon:halide ratios of 1:1:1 and their uv-visible spectra showed unusually high absorbance values in the 500 nm region. The pink organochromium(III) reacted very rapidly with oxygen. The products of dissociation were carbon monoxide, formic acid, formaldehyde, bexaaquochromium(III), chromium( II) halide ions. The kinetics of aquation were studied, and initial rate coefficients and activation parameters were obtained. The identity dt these organochromium(III) species was not established but most possible structures were proposed

Authentic assessment: An instructional tool to enhance students learning

This paper underscores the process of using authentic assessment as a learning tool in a school the context of Pakistan. Data was collected through classroom observations, conducting interviews, analyzing relevant documents and maintaining person reflective diary. Findings indicate desirable changes in the perception as well as practices of teachers and students. Replacement of traditional paper-pencil test with authentic assessment resulted in active participation of teachers and students in teaching and learning process. Study finding also reveal considerable improvement in high order skills of the students. They were actively engaged in planning, collecting information and disseminating it to the community. Use of rubric for assessment was found to be very effective in determining a pathway for both the teachers and the students to look for and get to the desirable results

Rule behind the silk curtain: the Sultanahs of Aceh 1641-1699.

PhDThis thesis is about the kingdom of Aceh Dar al-Salam in the latter half of the seventeenth century when four women ruled in succession: Sultanah Tajul Alam Safiatuddin Syah (1641-1675), Sultanah Nur Alam Naqiatuddin Syah (1675-1678), Sultanah Inayat Zakiatuddin Syah (1678-1688) and Sultanah Iamalat Zainatuddin Syah (1688-1699). How and why these queens came to power, and how they exercised it, are problems that have fascinated enquirers, prompting a range of comments and observations, especially the assertion that the queens were mere figureheads, during whose reigns the male elite (orangkaya) captured power. The Sultanahs were held responsible for the erosion of royal power and the kingdom's decline in the seventeenth century. Yet no in-depth study has ever investigated these claims. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the received views on these female sovereigns. The thesis also seeks to examine the origin, nature and impact of these Sultanahs. Female rule seems a curious phenomenon in a Muslim state. Furthermore, in a largely patriarchal kingdom such as Aceh, queens seemed to be strangely out of place. This unique episode in Aceh's history happened when European Companies - the Dutch VOC (Veerinigde Ooost-Indische Compagnie) and the English East India Company - were gradually increasing their commercial hold and flexing their military muscles in the region. Indigenous polities suffered increasing interference and pressure from Westerners. Most Malay and Muslim coastal polities in maritime Southeast Asia fell into European intruders' hands. By exploring the circumstances and arguments surrounding female accession, and examining some key episodes that show how power worked in Aceh at the time, I hope to approach a new understanding of how and why the male elite of Aceh placed the fate of the kingdom in the hands of women, and with what effects

Base Pressure Control using Micro-jets in Supersonic Flow Regimes

Base pressure plays a vital role in aerospace-related applications and its control is essential in reduction of drag and improving fuel consumption. Low pressure at the base of Rockets, Missiles, bombs and shells are a very common problem happening at transonic and supersonic speeds. In most of the cases there is a significant dip in pressure at the base region which will have implications on the design of aerospace vehicles. This paper presents an experimental investigation carried out for flow control at supersonic regimes. Experiments were conducted to measure the base pressure in the base region and wall pressure distribution in the enlarged duct at Mach 1.25 and 2.0, for L/D = 10, for four area ratios namely, 2.56, 3.24, 4.84, and 6.25. From the results it is found that active control in form of micro-jets is effective in boosting base pressure only at higher Mach numbers with larger area ratios at under-expanded conditions. Wall pressure flow field reveals that the quality of the flow with and without control is almost identical and there is no adverse effect of the control mechanism on the flow field of the duct. The variation in reattachment point along the downstream of the duct has very minimal effect with micro-jets as control