Measuring the Impact of Industrialization and Financial Development on Water Resources: A Case Study of Pakistan

The objective of the study examines the impact of industrialization and financial development on water resources, in the specific context of Pakistan. Data set from 1975-2009 are taken for time series analysis. The result reveals that economic growth positively linked with the water resource, as water plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a country. Thus limiting this resource would affect the process of economic growth. Industrial processes have a negative environmental impact which causing water pollution. Financial development has an indirect effect on water consumption, as it shows that private firms finds more funding opportunities in a country, therefore, avoid dirty industry game.Economics growth, financial development, industrialization, water resource, cointegration, bonds test, Pakistan.

An approach for change impact analysis in web systems - a industrial case study

There is a growing body of research on change impact analysis (CIA) approaches that specifically addresses changes and their impacts on architecture design. However, there is little research focus on approaches that particularly support the identification of impacts on architecture design resulting from business process changes i.e. early identification of change impacts in Web systems. To address this problem, we have proposed a systematic, structured and rigorous approach called as process model of CIA (PMCIA). PMCIA consists of a set of defined steps/activities, inputs, outputs, and employs architecture design information. In this paper we have presented the results of PMCIA validation in industrial setting through a detailed case study. The case study was carried out across two releases of a selected Web system project in an organization. The case study results indicate that the proposed approach, indeed, supports for early identification of change impacts in Web systems and provides Web developers the necessary components for systematically performing CIA. © 2013 SERSC

Nosocomial infections and their control strategies

Nosocomial infections are also known as hospital-acquired/associated infections. National Healthcare Safety Network along with Centers for Disease Control for surveillance has classified nosocomial infection sites into 13 types with 50 infection sites, which are specific on the basis of biological and clinical criteria. The agents that are usually involved in hospital-acquired infections include Streptococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Legionella and Enterobacteriaceae family members, namely, Proteus mirablis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens. Nosocomial pathogens can be transmitted through person to person, environment or contaminated water and food, infected individuals, contaminated healthcare personnel's skin or contact via shared items and surfaces. Mainly, multi-drug-resistant nosocomial organisms include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, whereas Clostridium difficile shows natural resistance. Excessive and improper use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially in healthcare settings, is elevating nosocomial infections, which not only becomes a big health care problem but also causes great economic and production loss in the community. Nosocomial infections can be controlled by measuring and comparing the infection rates within healthcare settings and sticking to the best healthcare practices. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides the methodology for surveillance of nosocomial infections along with investigation of major outbreaks. By means of this surveillance, hospitals can devise a strategy comprising of infection control practices

Impact of FDI on GDP: An Analysis of Global Economy on Production Function

This study examines the effects of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows on Gross Domestic Product on the production function theory by balanced panel data of World Development Indicators from 1992 to 2010 of 59 countries representing the global economy. The empirical analysis on basis of generalized least squares estimator with random effects suggests that there is a significant positive relationship between all the variables of Production Function including Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows. The unit root test confirms the model’s predictive validity and all the three variables significantly explain variation in the Gross Domestic Product, Co-integration test confirms the long-run relationship and Granger causality test finally identifies the presence of unidirectional causality among Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Bidirectional causality between the all variables of the original production function. It is recommended for the host nations to emphasize on pro-capital polices to attract and maximize foreign direct investment inflows which will ultimately increase Gross Domestic Product of the host nations

Impact of FDI on GDP: An Analysis of Global Economy on Production Function

This study examines the effects of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows on Gross Domestic Product on the production function theory by balanced panel data of World Development Indicators from 1992 to 2010 of 59 countries representing the global economy. The empirical analysis on basis of generalized least squares estimator with random effects suggests that there is a significant positive relationship between all the variables of Production Function including Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows. The unit root test confirms the model’s predictive validity and all the three variables significantly explain variation in the Gross Domestic Product, Co-integration test confirms the long-run relationship and Granger causality test finally identifies the presence of unidirectional causality among Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Bidirectional causality between the all variables of the original production function. It is recommended for the host nations to emphasize on pro-capital polices to attract and maximize foreign direct investment inflows which will ultimately increase Gross Domestic Product of the host nations

Recycling of Steel Scraps as a Strength Enhancement Material in Concrete

The cement industry is very energy consumptive and produces CO2 and also generates greenhouse gases which are the major cause of global warming. The production of cement and the use of concrete are both rising daily. So, to protect the environment, alternate materials are required. The construction industry has several constructional byproducts and wastes as a variant of traditionally used products. In the process of production and working with steel, steel chips are formed as waste material. The best way to reduce environmental pollution and improve waste recycling is to partially replace concrete with steel chips. Due to these factors and the abundance of material, steel chips were used as a partial cement replacement at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by the volume of cement. The properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural beam strength, and modulus of elasticity are checked after 7, 14, and 28 days. Comparing these qualities to those of control molds showed that by raising the percentage of steel chips in the concrete up to 1.5%, mechanical characteristics are improved; however, when the percentage is increased to 2%, mechanical properties are also affected

Effects of Covid -19 on Mental Health of Positive Cases Compared with Suspected Cases

Objective: To assess and compare the effects of Covid 19 pandemics on mental health of diagnosed cases of corona virus with suspected cases and healthy subjects. Methodology: This comparative study  was conducted  at corona clinic of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, and from April 2020 to Jun 2020. A total of 206 subjects were divided in three groups. Group-I (diagnosed as case of corona virus, n = 95), group-II (suspected cases n = 29) and group-III (healthy subjects, n = 82). They were matched for age, gender and socioeconomic status and were compared for frequency and severity of depression as measured by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Some degree of depression was noted in all groups. Frequency of depression was 72.6% in group-I, 58.6% in group-II and 37.8% in group-III (p value < 0.001). Conclusion: Both diagnosed and people who came for screening (suspecting for Covid) had high frequency of some degree of anxiety and depression. Diagnosed patients had more anxiety and depressive features than suspected clients who came for screening. It is worthwhile to do more close mental health observation in them. This can be done by building up mental health interventions for improving their psychological wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Determination of Underground Structure and Migration of Hot Plumes Contaminating Fresh Water Using Vertical Electrical Survey (VES) and Magnetic Survey, A Case Study of Tattapani Thermal Spring, Azad Kashmir

A geophysical survey was carried out at Tattapani thermal spring Azad Kashmir to delineate structure,thickness, depth, lithology and migration of hot plumes contaminating fresh water. The study area was investigated byVertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using schlumberger array at 21 locations arranged in ten profiles to a maximumdepth of 500 m and 200 magnetic observations. The extension and tectonic setup of thermal spring was mapped bygeoelectrical litho sections, subsurface geological sections (20m, 20-100m and 100-500m) pseudo section, apparentresistivity map, geoelectrical parameters, statistical distribution of apparent resistivity, total magnetic intensity andanomaly map. The data show that Tattapani hot spring is concentrated along the fault line delineated by geoelectricallitho sections and magnetic section with value of -120 nT to -300 nT, total field intensity of 50000-50450 nT andconfirm by macro anisotropy (1.0 to 2.7). The geoelectrical lithological section portrays that study area compriseslithological fabric of dolomite (≥400 ohm.m), sandstone (150-200 ohm.m), clay (80-150 ohm.m), Shaley clay (50-80)and shale (≤ 50). The Thermal Plumes (10-70 ohm.m) were pictured by resistivity section and pseudo section ataverage depth of 30-60 m and showing migration of hot plumes in the North-Eastern direction contaminating freshwater (100-200 ohm.m). The longitudinal conductance (0.95-15 mhos), transverse resistance (20-300 ohm.m2) are seenhaving maximum value in the North-Eastern and North-Western side of the study area. The study also shows that freshground water is mostly concentrated in sandstone (150-200 ohm.m), dolomite (≥400 ohm.m) and lies above the thermalplumes and thus highly prone to contamination due to upwelling of thermal water

Exploring the Link between Poverty-Pollution-Population (3Ps) in Pakistan: Time Series Evidence

The relationship between poverty, population growth and environment has been widely debated inside the academic circles. There is a general consensus that poverty is a major cause of population growth and environmental degradation and reversely population growth is the major cause of poverty and environmental degradation. The present study examines the impact of poverty on environment (air pollution) and population and reversely the impact of population on environment (air pollution) and poverty in the specific context of Pakistan during a period of 1975-2009. Data is analyzed using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression method and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)-bounds testing approach to examine the linkage. The results of the OLS test show that rapid population and air pollution has a significant contributor to poverty in Pakistan. However, the results nullify the conventional view that poverty is a major cause of environmental degradation (or air pollution), while the result supports the hypothesis that population have a deleterious impact on increasing poverty. The results of bounds test show that there is a stable long-run relationship between population, poverty and pollution in Pakistan. On the other hand, results of the causality test show that there is a unidirectional causal flow from population to carbon dioxide emission. The post reform period is observed with the estimated coefficient of the poverty dummy variable (POVDUM) which shows that poverty in Pakistan has increased due to deprived performance of federal policies on pro-poor reforms in Pakistan. The post reform period is observed with the population dummy variable (POPDUM) reflecting that population growth has increased significantly during the said reform period. Keywords: Population, Air Pollution, Poverty, Headcount Ratio, Population Dynamics, Carbon Dioxide Emission, Time Series, Bounds Test, Pakistan