AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CROP WATER DEMAND AND IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY AT PABBI MINOR OF WARSAK GRAVITY CANAL

The research study was conducted on irrigation water supply and demand at Pabbi minor of Warsak gravity canal from June to August 1998. Objectives of the research were to assess the actual supply of irrigation water, irrigation water demand of major crops, and comparison between water supply and demand for all the outlets of Pabbi minor. Actual irrigation supply was determined by cutthroam flumes. Cropping pattern was determined by interviewing the farmers by making use of proformas developed for that purpose.Cropping pattern, evapotranspiration, sanctioned discharge, fallow, water demand, water supply

Effects of city wastewater on the characteristics of wheat with varying doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

Rapidly growing India is not only facing the problem of water scarcity, but also the mismanagement of tremendous amount of wastewater produced every day. Moreover, food sufficiency has also become challenge to feed the ever increasing population leading to excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture. Therefore, the study was carried out in Aligarh City of India on wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) var. PBW 343 to check the suitability of city wastewater as a source of irrigation water as well as source of nutrients. Three pot experiments were conducted in the winter season of 2006-2008. In Experiment I, nitrogen (N) at the rate of 0, 40, 80, 120 kg ha-1; Experiment II, phosphorus (P) at the rate of 0, 20, 40, 60 kg ha-1; and in Experiment III, potassium (K) at the rate of 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg ha-1 were applied along with the basal doses under the three levels of water; ground water (GW), 50% wastewater (WW) and 100% WW. Lower fertilizer doses, 80 kg N ha-1, 40 kg P ha-1 and 30 kg K ha-1 together with 100%WW proved optimum in three experiments, respectively, enhancing tiller number plant-1, fresh mass plant-1, dry matter plant-1, leaf area, total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (PN), nitrate reductase (NR) activity, yield parameters (ear number plant-1, length ear-1, spikelet number ear-1, grain number ear-1 and 1000 grain weight), ultimately resulting in improved grain yield as well as grain carbohydrate and protein content as compared to control as well as higher fertilizer doses. Thus wastewater application not only provided stable supply of water, but also saved fresh water and contributed to environmental security. Moreover, it reduced the use of chemical fertilizers without showing any adverse effect on the yield and quality of wheat. Physicochemical characteristics of wastewater along with microbiological and some heavy metals were analyzed, and most of them were within the permissible limits set by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

On a variant and extension of Gabler inequality

We propose a Jensen-Mercer type variant and a Niezgoda type extension of Gabler inequality along with applications

Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: A rare complication of amoebic liver abscess

Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm (HAP) is an infrequently encountered entity, usually seen secondary to blunt or penetrating trauma. The clinical presentation is often due to complications such as intrahepatic or intraperitoneal bleeding as a result of rupture of the pseudoaneurysm. Diagnosis is frequently delayed and made by splanchnic angiography. HAP associated with a liver abscess, has very rarely been described in the literature. We report the case of a 50-year-old man with amoebic liver abscess and right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm which was suspected on high resolution contrast-enhanced abdominal computer tomography (CT). The lesion was confirmed by arteriography and treated prophylactically with transcatheteter embolization

On-site Management of Frostbite in the Himalayas

Introduction: Frostbite is a common debilitating condition seen in travelers and residents at high altitudes. Emergent on-site management is warranted in the absence of institutionalized care and compromised evacuation facilities. This prospective, observational study assessed the outcome of on-site emergent management in low-resource, high altitude healthcare setups in the field, applicable in situations of delayed evacuation.Methods: This is a prospective cohort study. All frostbite patients presenting at 4 Himalayan regions were included. Patients were diagnosed, assessed clinically, and evaluated for causation. On-site emergent management was given in situations of delayed evacuation, and responses were monitored. Further prevention was advised for all patients.Results: Frostbite presented in 172 healthy, acclimatized patients having knowledge of frostbite. A total of 158 (91.86%) males and 14 (8.14%) females with a mean age of 27.8 ± 7 years sustained frostbite at altitudes between 9000-24000 feet with a mean of 14575 ± 3848 feet. First-, second-, and third-degree frostbite comprised 62.2%, 34.3%, and 3.49% of cases, respectively. Fingertips were most frequently affected, followed by toe tips. Of the frostbite cases treated on-site, 57.94% were first-degree and 34.29% were second-degree.Conclusion: Frostbite can occur in people who are cold-experienced and knowledgeable. Therapeutic and preventive rewarming can be attempted in limited-resource setups outside the hospital. Frostbite up to second-degree can be treated under high altitude field conditions; however, this is advisable only in situations of delayed evacuation

Distribution of surface sediments off Indus delta on the continental shelf of Pakistan

Surface sediments from the continental shelf area off Indus delta were analysed for their textural characteristics and carbonate content. The sediments are largely silt, silty clay and clayey silty sand. Sandy fraction is dominant in the outer region with relatively high carbonate content. The study shows that distribution of carbonate in sediments off Indus delta continental shelf is controlled by the dilution of terrigenous material and its distance from source area

Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnant Indian Pilgrims: A three-year experience at the Indian Hajj Medical Mission

Objectives: The Hajj, an annual mass gathering of Muslim pilgrims, is known for its high morbidity and mortality rates. However, pregnant women sometimes participate in this pilgrimage, despite guidelines that discourage such an undertaking due to potential fetomaternal complications. This study aimed to evaluate fetomaternal outcomes among pregnant Indian Hajj pilgrims. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at two Indian Hajj Medical Mission (IHMM)-affiliated secondary care hospitals in Saudi Arabia during the Hajj periods of August–October 2015 and 2016 and July–September 2017. All female Indian pilgrims of reproductive age who underwent pregnancy screening at secondary care IHMM hospitals during this period were included in the study. Definitive obstetric care was provided at the Makkah Maternity & Child Hospital. Data regarding the pilgrims’ obstetric characteristics, antenatal complications, management and fetomaternal outcomes were evaluated. Results: A total of 114 pregnant Indian pilgrims were identified during the study period. The most common antenatal complications were respiratory tract infections (51.75%), followed by iron deficiency anaemia (17.54%), hyperemesis gravidarum (14.04%), hypothyroidism (9.65%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (5.26%). There were 20 vaginal deliveries (17.54%), two Caesarean sections (1.75%) and 32 abortions (28.07%). The cumulative three-year birth rate was 24.60 per 1,000 females. Conclusion: During Hajj, pregnant pilgrims have a high risk of abortion, respiratory tract infections and various antenatal, perinatal and neonatal complications which may go unreported or untreated. Women should therefore be educated regarding the risk of adverse fetomaternal outcomes which may occur while undertaking a Hajj pilgrimage during pregnancy. Keywords: Travel Medicine; Muslims; Pregnancy Outcomes; Miscarriage; Respiratory Infections; Saudi Arabia

Optimal demand-supply energy management in smart grids

Everything goes down if you do not have power: the financial sector, refineries and water. The grid underlies the rest of the country’s critical infrastructure. This thesis focuses on four specific problems to balance demand-supply gap with higher reliability, efficiency and economical operation of the modern power grid. The first part investigates the economic dispatch problem with uncertain power sources. The classic economic dispatch problems seek thermal power generation to meet the demand most efficiently. However, this project exploits two different power sources such as wind and solar power generation into the standard optimal power flow framework. The stochastic nature of renewable energy sources (RES) is modeled using Weibull and Lognormal probability density functions. The system-wide economic aspect is examined with additional cost functions such as penalty and reserve costs for under and overestimating the imbalance of RES power outputs. Also, a carbon tax is imposed on carbon emissions as a separate objective function to enhance the contribution of green energy. The calculation of best power dispatch is proposed using a cost function. The second part investigates demand-side management (DSM) strategies to minimize energy wastage by changing the time pattern and magnitude of utility load at the consumer side. The main objective of DSM is to flatten the demand curve by encouraging end-users to shift energy consumption to off-peak hours or to consume less power during peak times. It is more appropriate to follow the generation pattern in many cases instead of flattening the demand curve. It becomes more challenging when the future grid accommodates the penetration of distributed energy resources in a greater manner. In both scenarios, there is an ultimate need to control energy consumption. Effective DSM strategies would help to get an accurate balance between both ends, i.e., the supply-side and demand-side, effectively reducing power demand peaks and more efficient operation of the whole system. The gap between power demand and supply can be balanced if power peak loads are minimized. The third part of the thesis then focuses on modeling the consumption behavior of end-users. For this purpose, a novel artificial intelligence and machine learning-based forecasting model is developed to analyze big data in the smart grid. Three modules namely feature selection, feature extraction and classification are proposed to solve big data problems such as feature redundancy and high dimensionality to generate quality data for classifier training and better prediction results. The last part of this thesis investigates the problem of electricity theft to minimize non technical losses and power disruptions in the power grid. Electricity theft with its many facets usually has an enormous cost to utilities compared to non-payment because of energy wastage and power quality problems. With the recognition of the internet of things (IoT) technologies and data-driven approaches, power utilities have enough tools to combat electricity theft and fraud. An integrated framework is proposed that combines three distinct modules such as data preprocessing, data class balancing and final classification to make accurate electrical consumption theft predictions in smart grids. The result of our solution to balance the electricity demand-supply gap can provide helpful information to grid planners seeking to improve the resilience of the power grid to outages and disturbances. All parts of this thesis include extensive experimental results on case studies, including realistic large-scale instances

Protection of Consumer’s Rights in Pakistan

This paper is based on a qualitative research study which paves the way for a number of empirical studies related to the awareness about the consumer’s rights in Pakistan. The prime objective behind conducting this study is to clarify the fact that the old doctrine of Caveat Emptor is not sufficient in current days. The markets are highly competitive with an ample consumer’s choice and they need a greater awareness how to protect their rights. The paper starts with an introduction explaining the background detail of consumer’s rights and liabilities. There is a problem statement with a null and alternate hypothesis. The procedure for getting the legal remedy is discussed in detail. The evidence is sought from the registered lawsuits filed by consumers primarilyKey words: consumer and consumer’s rights, importance of consumer protection, Consumer Laws in Pakistan. Legal procedure of filing a complaint. Getting a suitable remedy. Claiming damages in consumer’s courts. Obligations of manufacturers and service providers