Common Organisms causing surgical site infection(SSI) in Postoperative patients in a tertiary care Hospital

Objective: To investigate the types and frequency of organisms causing surgical site infections in postoperative patients and their association with other factors. Study Design: Cross-sectional Duration and Place of Study: Surgical Unit-II of –removed for blind review---and from 1st March 2021 – 31st July 2021. Patients and Methods: There were 391 surgeries in this study, but only 27 patients met the inclusion criteria. A diagnosis of SSI was based on specific parameters, including the detection of two or three cardinal signs of inflammation and the surgeon's confirmation of the diagnosis. This data was analyzed using IBM SPSS 23. Results: Among 391 patients, 242 had elective surgeries (male:female, 1.6:1), and 149 had emergency surgeries (male:female, 1:3.4). The mean length of stay for elective surgeries was 2.19 ± 1.8 days and 4.2 ± 3.7 days for emergency procedures. There were 98 abdominal procedures (65.77%) performed in emergency settings. Only 9 (3.71 %) elective procedures and 18 (12.08 %) emergency procedures reported surgical site infections. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated organism from SSI during the study. The rate of SSI in postoperative patients was 6.9%. There was a statistically significant association between SSI and type of surgery (p=0.002). The mean length of stay (LOS) was longer for patients with SSI (mean=12.5, p=.000).  Emergency cases had a longer LOS compared with elective cases (mean= 4.21 days vs 2.19 days, p=.000). Conclusion: According to our study, our unit's SSI were comparable to other developing countries. SSI are more frequent in emergency cases, men, and diabetics, and are the primary cause of longer hospital stays.  Keywords: Surgical Site Infection; E.Coli; Length of stay

An experience of teaching grammar using grammar translation method and direct method

This internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelors of Arts in English at the Department of English and Humanities of BRAC University, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of internship report.Includes bibliographical references (page 28).Arifa Roshid KhanB.A. in Englis

Phenotypic Diversity among Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare) Germplasm of Pakistan

Fennel is facing continuous challenge with reference to biotic and abiotic stresses that can be solved with the knowledge of available germplasm of fennel in the country or worldwide. Selection of fennel genotype on the basis of research interest can never been accomplished without gene pool. The aim of the present study was to explore the phenotypic diversity among selective fennel accession and identify lines having high yielding potential. In the present study thirty fennel accessions were sown in PGRI, NARC. Irrigation practice was carried out during the growing period. Data was recorded during different growth stages and after harvesting. Nine morphological parameters under study include plant height, number of umbels/plant, umbel diameter, rays produced/umbel, fruits produced/umble, fruit color and fruit shape. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, Tukey Honest Significance Test and Multivariate cluster Analysis using Minitab Software version 20.0. High diversity was observed among the quantitative traits of thirty accessions. Qualitative traits of accessions from similar region had considerable resemblance. Fennel germplasm collected from Punjab gives outstanding performance with reference to phenotypic traits. Accessions were identified as potential sources including: 21293 (maximum plant height, Punjab, Jhang, Chiniot), 21209 ( great height, Punjab, Faisalabad), 21737 (short height, Punjab, Layyah, Karore Chak-84) 21699 (maximum number of rays/umbel, Punjab, Pakpattan) and 21722 (maximum number of umbels , Punjab, Narowal, Talwandi Bhandran in short 21722 due to high yield was identified as potential sources to be included in future breeding programs for the improvement of fennel varieties

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome presenting as Intussusception in a young female: A Case Report

Peutz-jeghers syndrome is rare condition with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is due to the mutation in a tumor suppressor gene SK 11 at chromosome no 9. It has a very characteristic presentation. Patient usually presents at a young age with intestinal obstruction due to polyps leading to intussusception. Also there is melanosis at perioral, digits and perineal regions. There is very strong association of cervical and breast carcinoma in females and testicular tumors in males. GIT, pancreatic and lung malignancies occur in both sexes. Regular follow up and screening are necessary for early detection of malignancies. We present a case of young girl who presented with intestinal obstruction along with other signs and symptoms of peutz-jeghers syndrome. Exploratory laparotomy revealed jejunoileal intussusception and hamartomatous polyps. Patient and other family members were advised screening studies of associated malignancies and regular follow up

No evidence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus transmission by blood transfusion from infected rhesus macaques

The discovery of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in human tissue samples has been shown to be due to virus contamination with a recombinant murine retrovirus. However, due to the unknown pathogenicity of this novel retrovirus and its broad host range, including human cell lines, it is important to understand the modes of virus transmission and develop mitigation and management strategies to reduce the risk of human exposure and infection. XMRV transmission was evaluated by whole-blood transfusion in rhesus macaques. Monkeys were infected with XMRV to serve as donor monkeys for blood transfers at weeks 1, 2, and 3 into naïve animals. The donor and recipient monkeys were evaluated for XMRV infection by nested PCR assays with nucleotide sequence confirmation, Western blot assays for development of virus-specific antibodies, and coculture of monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a sensitive target cell line for virus isolation. XMRV infection was demonstrated in the virus-injected donor monkeys, but there was no evidence of virus transmission by whole-blood transfusion to naïve monkeys based upon PCR analysis of PBMCs using XMRV-specific gag and env primers, Western blot analysis of monkey plasma up to 31 to 32 weeks after transfusion, and coculture studies using monkey PBMCs from various times after transfusion. The study demonstrates the lack of XMRV transmission by whole-blood transfusion during the acute phase of infection. Furthermore, analysis of PBMC viral DNA showed extensive APOBEC-mediated G-to-A hypermutation in a donor animal at week 9, corroborating previous results using macaques and supporting the possible restriction of XMRV replication in humans by a similar mechanism