An analysis of the asymmetric impact of exchange rate changes on G.D.P. in Pakistan: application of non-linear A.R.D.L.

Exchange rate fluctuations play a vital role in influencing macro- economic variables including economic growth via the channels of net exports and investments. This study claims to be the first in assessing the asymmetric effect of exchange rate fluctuations on G.D.P. in Pakistan whose currency had the title of‘worst currency of South Asia’in 2018 after more than 20% depreciation in just three months. In this study, we employ a recently developed technique of Non-linear A.R.D.L. by Shin, Yu, and Greenwood-Nimmo (2014) to test for possible asymmetric effect of exchange rate on G.D.P. along with the proxies of fiscal and monetary policies. Both A.R.D.L. and N.A.R.D.L. are applied on annual data range from 1972 to 2014. The results of A.R.D.L. are found poor and co-integration relationship lost when the assumption of symmetry is taken into consideration. On the contrary, Non-linear A.R.D.L. technique carry more rich information related to the issue at hand and co-integration relationship is confirmed. From the results we found that week currency hurts G.D.P. growth, while strong currency adds to growth. Besides these, we confirm asymmetric impact of exchange rate on G.D.P. growth in Pakistan and find the evidence of short-run, long-run and adjustment asymmetry. To achieve the objective of sustained growth, exchange rate management should focus to restore stability and go for more strong currency in Pakistan. Future research needs to consider capital flows and exchange rate regimes in the form of‘Sudden Stop hypothesis’ when investigating the asymmetric impact of exchange rate

Impact evaluation of structural adjustment program: a case of Pakistan

We analyzed the effect of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) on macroeconomic variables of Pakistan using annual time series data for the years 1981-2001. The impact of four policy instruments of SAP, i.e. reduction in budget deficit, increase in indirect taxes,adjusting the exchange rate and sliding down of subsidies, on employment, income distribution, per-capita income and inflation has been analyzed. It is found that the first policy instrument, i.e. decrease in budget deficit has affected employment, income distribution and inflation adversely. The second policy instrument of imposition of indirect tax negatively affected the employment, income distribution, per capita income and positively affected the inflation. The third policy instrument of SAP was adjustment of exchange rate. It is estimated that adjusting exchange rate has resulted into increased unemployment and inflation. The fourth policy instrument of shrink in subsidies augmented the unemployment, unequal distribution of income and inflation and dwindled the percapita income. It appears that SAP has adversely affected the major socioeconomic variables of the economy. Currently the government is considering for loan from IMF, so it is proposed to avoid such type of policy directives from IMF.Structural Adjustment Program, Budget deficit, Indirect taxes, Exchange rate, Subsidies, Employment, Income distribution, Per-capita income, Inflation,Pakistan

Governance challenges in Public Sector: an Analysis of Governance and Efficiency Issues in Public Sector Institutions in Pakistan

Governance and Institutions are not ends in themselves but it is well known by now that good governance and effectively functioning institutions are required, along with sensible policies and well designed public investment. How do Governance and Institutions interact? Governance refers to the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources. Good governance requires checks and balances in a country’s institutional infrastructure, such that politicians and bureaucrats have the flexibility to pursue the common good. A variety of institutional mechanisms can provide the checks and balances that will lead to good governance and reduced corruption. To be enduring and credible, these mechanisms need to be anchored in core state institutions. Power can be divided horizontally among judiciary, the legislative and the executive, and vertically between central, provincial and local authorities. Public sector in Pakistan is not efficient enough to positively impact the economy due to political and bureaucratic misuse of authority and influences This paper discusses only a few of the underlying legislative and administrative factors which have contributed to mal -governance in public sector in Pakistan. To investigate and determine the efficiency and effectiveness of governance, different variables have been identified and secondary data resources have been used to highlight governance issues in public sector institutions of Pakistan. Findings of the research will be helpful in improving governance in public sector institutions through reforms in Parliamentary, Judicial and Civil Services system of Pakistan as well as for other third world countries having similar challenges of governance in their countries. Keywords: Governance, Public Sector, Public Sector Institution

An Interactive Team Leadership: a Conceptual Model for Team based Organizational Effectiveness in large Hierarchical Organizations

Despite Interactive leadership enjoying success and attention as an exceptional leadership theory, few scholars have investigated a specific link between Interactive leadership theories and team performance. As such, the researchers discuss how interactive leadership theories can provide a framework in which to investigate a leader’s impact on team performance. As the scope and complexity of modern task demands exceeding capability of individuals to perform, teams are emerging to shoulder the burgeoning requirements. Accordingly, researchers have striven to understand and enhance human performance in team settings. The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model of interactive team leadership for hierarchical organizations such as law enforcing agencies and other public sector organizations in Pakistan, that is workable, practical and efficient compared to traditional leadership model. Further specified are important avenues to creating successful teams like structure of teams, team selection/composition, task design, role of top leader and subordinate leaders. In other words, one can select the right people, provide them with a task engineered for superior performance and train them in the appropriate skills to accomplish that task for overall success of the organization as per set objectives. Researchers have also drawn comparative analysis of proposed interactive team leadership model and traditional hierarchical leadership model in order to prove practicability of the conceptual model. The paper concludes with the identification of ways to select better teams, to design better team tasks and by mentioning effective techniques from which to draw principles, guidelines and specifications to maximize success. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. Keywords: Interactive Leadership, Team Leadership, Organizational Effectivenes

Increased Focus on Human Resource Practices leads to Organizational Effectiveness: A Study of Law Enforcement Agencies in Pakistan

Organizational effectiveness, in general, is based on the integration of goals of the organization and the employees. Neither of them should be viewed in isolation. This article is designed to explain effect of increased focus on human resource practices leading to organizational effectiveness. The researchers have examined as to what extent the role of talent management, conflict management and reward management influence organizational effectiveness particularly in hierarchical organizations such as law enforcement agencies. The study was conducted in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad of Pakistan for law enforcement agencies including their training academies. Sample size consists of 264 respondents, who filled the questionnaire out of 300 respondents. After analyzing the data, findings showed that there is a significant impact of all these human resource practices i.e. talent management, conflict management and reward management on organizational effectiveness. Results showed that increased focus on employee’s related issues accelerates organizational effectiveness. As employees get their issues addressed, the organizational effectiveness moves in a positive way. Moreover, this study indicates that the combined effect of most relevant human resource practices on strength of the organizations will be positive rather than application of other least effective/relevant human resource initiatives. Since concept of “happy employees are more productive rather than productive employees are happier” is mostly studied for business organizations and hardly any law enforcement agency applies the same for its effectiveness, therefore, the topic is highly of research interest in current years. Thus Organizational effectiveness should also be researched in the context of non-profit organizations such as law enforcement agencies being most vital for stability and economical strength of countries like Pakistan. Limitations of the study are also highlighted at the end. Keywords: Organizational Effectiveness, Law Enforcement Agencies, Human Resource Practice

Increased Focus on Human Resource Practices leads to Organizational Effectiveness: A study of law Enforcement Agencies in Pakistan

Organizational effectiveness, in general, is based on the integration of goals of the organization and the employees. Neither of them should be viewed in isolation. This article is designed to explain effect of increased focus on human resource practices leading to organizational effectiveness. The researchers have examined as to what extent the role of talent management, conflict management and reward management influence organizational effectiveness particularly in hierarchical organizations such as law enforcement agencies. The study was conducted in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad of Pakistan for law enforcement agencies including their training academies. Sample size consists of 264 respondents, who filled the questionnaire out of 300 respondents. After analyzing the data, findings showed that there is a significant impact of all these human resource practices i.e. talent management, conflict management and reward management on organizational effectiveness. Results showed that increased focus on employee’s related issues accelerates organizational effectiveness. As employees get their issues addressed, the organizational effectiveness moves in a positive way. Moreover, this study indicates that the combined effect of most relevant human resource practices on strength of the organizations will be positive rather than application of other least effective/relevant human resource initiatives. Since concept of “happy employees are more productive rather than productive employees are happier” is mostly studied for business organizations and hardly any law enforcement agency applies the same for its effectiveness, therefore, the topic is highly of research interest in current years. Thus Organizational effectiveness should also be researched in the context of non-profit organizations such as law enforcement agencies being most vital for stability and economical strength of countries like Pakistan. Limitations of the study are also highlighted at the end. Keywords: Organizational Effectiveness, Law Enforcement Agencies, Human Resource Practices

Impact of Sparse and Dense Deployment of Nodes Under Different Propagation Models in Manets

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is the most emerging and fast-expanding technology in the last two decades. One of the major issues and challenging areas in MANET is the process of routing due to dynamic topologies and high mobility of mobile nodes. The efficiency and accuracy of a protocol depend on many parameters in these networks. In addition to other parameters node velocity and propagation models are among them. Calculating signal strength at the receiver is the responsibility of a propagation model while the mobility of nodes is responsible for the topology of the network. A huge amount of loss in performance is occurred due to the variation of signal strength at the receiver and obstacles between transmissions. In this paper,it has been analyzed to check the impact of different propagation models on the performance of Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) in Sparse and Dense scenarios in MANET. The simulation has been carried out in NS-2 by using performance metrics as average packet drop average latency and average Throughput. The results predicted that propagation models and mobility have a strong impact on the performance of OLSR in considered scenarios

The Impact of User-Generated Content, Social Interactions and virtual Economies on Metaverse Environments

This study examines how user-generated content, social interactions, and virtual economies impact the Metaverse's changing environment. It offers crucial knowledge for policymakers, stakeholders, and developers of the Metaverse in building interesting and long-lasting virtual worlds. The study surveyed 385 respondents from the South Asian demographic using a Likert rating scale through an online survey. Demographic variables were analyzed using SPSS version 29, focusing on frequency and percentage distribution. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each variable and survey item. The main analysis included multiple regression to evaluate hypotheses regarding the interaction between user-generated content, social interaction, and the virtual economy. User-generated content significantly improves Metaverse environments (= 0.22, p<0.01**), highlighting its crucial part in creating immersive virtual spaces. Metaverse environments bene t from social interactions (=0.16, p<0.01**), fostering involvement and community. In the growth of the Metaverse, virtual economies are extremely important (=0.501, p<0.001***), encouraging user participation and innovation. This research, which uses rigorous statistical analysis and focuses on South Asian demographics, offers novel insights into the metaverse dynamics. It serves as a crucial resource for the Metaverse's future growth and development by guiding developers, stakeholders, and policymakers as they navigate the Metaverse's seemingly limitless potential

The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification between Leadership and Job Security: A case of Teachers in Private institutions of Punjab-Pakistan

In the business environment today job security is an important and primary requirement of the employees as the employees’ turnover rate is haphazardly increasing in different industrial sectors. This study determines the impact of leadership and organizational identification on the job security of teachers in the private institutions Punjab, Pakistan and the mediation of organizational identification is also tested. Data is analyzed by using Smart partial least squares structural equation modeling (Smart-PLS-SEM). Many teachers suffer from low job security that not only affect them internally but also affect their work performance. Therefore the main objective of our research is to determine the responsible factors which affect the job security of teachers working in the private educational institutions operationalized under BISE Punjab. In this paper, the parameters used for determining the job security of teachers are; Leadership, and organizational identification and mediating role of organizational identification between leadership and job security is also tested. During this study, 150 teachers from different private institutions operational in Punjab were asked to fill up the questionnaires containing a total of 32 items including different numbers of questions related to each determinant. The results showed that the determinants can explain the job security of the teachers up to a significant level. However, regression analysis and validity analysis proves that they are good predictors of job security of the employees (teachers). Beside these conclusions, this paper introduced other scientific queries and issues regarding the different types of relations or connections among the determinants and hence gives probable pathways to explain or interpret the relations