Factors Associated with Psychological Impact of Junior High School Students after Earthquake in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia

Objectives: To examine factors associated with psychological impact of junior high school students after earthquake in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Method: This was a cross-sectional study, purposive random sampling was composed of 270 students were recruited from three Junior High Schools consist of SLTP 7, SLTP 13 and SLTP 25 in Padang West Sumatera from Mey - June 2013. The psychological impact were assessed using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) and Way of Coping questionnaire was used to measure the coping strategies. Result: Using the DASS-21 with a score of 24.4% for symptom of depression, 58.1% and 22.6% was found to suffer anxiety and stress rescpectively. Factors found to be significantly associated with depression, anxiety and stress were younger age group, but gender not associated with anxiety, socio-economic status and living arrangement not associated with depression and anxiety, loss family member and coping strategies (p<0.05). Conclusion: Additional research is needed to investigate the long- term, earthquake-related psychopathology. Nurses should receive more education about disaster-related psychological health skills to provide adequate psychological counseling and intervene successfully to assist students who survived the tragedy to optimize their psychological health status after earthquake.

Effectiveness of Air Pulsed Cryotherapy on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness of elbow flexors following eccentric exercise

Cryotherapy is widely used in sports to facilitate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage that often results from strenuous training and/or competition. However, a paucity of evidence exists on the therapeutic values of repeated air pulsed cryotherapy (CRYO) application to suggest its usefulness to clinicians, coaches, sports scientists and athletes in the field of sports and rehabilitation. Aim: This study investigates the effectiveness of CRYO on the recovery from delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by eccentric exercise. Materials and methods: Thirty-two participants (21.31±1.03 years; height 1.72±0.05 m; BMI 22.15±1.69 kg.cm-2) were equally randomized into CRYO group and control group (CONT). DOMS was induced by eccentric contractions of elbow flexors. Visual analogue scale score (VAS), mid arm circumference (MAC), pressure pain threshold (PPT), range of motion of active elbow flexion (ROM-AF), passive elbow flexion (ROM-PF), active elbow extension (ROM-AE), passive elbow extension (ROM-PE) and isometric peak torque of elbow flexors (IPT) were measured at pre-exercise (PRE), immediately, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days post exercise. Results and discussion: There were significant interactions effect (group X time) with (P&lt;0.05) for VAS, MAC, PPT, ROM-PF, ROM-AE, and ROMPE. Additionally, all outcome measures (except for ROM-AF and IPT) demonstrated a significant improvement (P&lt;0.05) in DOMS recovery in the CRYO group compared to CONT group. Conclusion: A 20 minutes (4 session X5 minutes) session for 5 consecutive days of repeated air pulsed cryotherapy has beneficial effects on the recovery of DOMS on elbow flexors from eccentric exercise