Volatility of Exchange Rate and Export Growth in Pakistan: The Structure and Interdependence in Regional Markets

The study empirically investigates the effect of exchange rate volatility on exports growth between Pakistan and leading trade partners. The countries are selected to determine the bilateral relationship between Pakistan and the other countries under various regional economic blocks such as SAARC, ASEAN, European, and Asia-Pacific regions. Cointegration and Error Correction techniques are used to establish the empirical relationship between exchange rate volatility and exports growth, using quarterly data from 1991:3 to 2004:2. The results indicate that the volatility of exchange rate has negative and significant effects both in the long run and short run with major trade partners, namely, UK and US. A similar pattern was observed in case of Australia, Bangladesh, and Singapore, where the volume of trade with Pakistan is comparatively consistent and less volatile. The relationship between exports growth and exchange rate volatility for India and Pakistan is observed only in the long-run perspective. However, of countries like New Zealand and Malaysia, no empirical relationship is observed between export growth and exchange rate volatility.Export, Exchange Rate, Pakistan

Profil épidémiologique des entérobactéries uropathogènes productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi

Les infections urinaires à entérobactéries productrices de bêtalactamases à spectre élargi (E-BLSE) constituent un risque infectieux, un enjeu thérapeutique de taille et peuvent même conduire dans certains cas à des impasses du fait de leur multi-résistance aux antibiotiques. Le but de ce travail est de préciser le profil  épidémiologique des (E-BLSE) uropathogènes et décrire leur niveau actuel de résistance aux antibiotiques pour une meilleure prise en charge des patients selon les données locales. Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective sur une période de trois ans (du 1er janvier 2013 au 31 décembre 2015) concernant toutes les souches d'E-BLSE isolées de tous les ECBU traités au laboratoire de microbiologie de à l'Hôpital Militaire Moulay Ismail de Meknès. La culture a été faite selon les techniques usuelles, et l'antibiogramme a été réalisé par méthode de disque diffusion sous gélose Muller-Hinton selon les recommandations du Comité de l'antibiogramme de la Société française de microbiologie CA-SFM 2013/2014. Cette étude a permis de noter une importante prévalence globale d'isolement des E-BLSE (12.2%), particulièrement chez les patients hospitalisés (54.8%) dont la plus grande prévalence (72%) a été enregistrée dans le service d'urologie. Parmi ces E-BLSE Escherichia coli constitue la majorité (61%) des isolats, cependant au sein de la même espèce Klebsiella pneumoniae est le plus producteur de BLSE (25.8%). L'étude de l'antibioresistance des E-BLSE durant ces trois ans a mis en évidence des co-résistances à la ciprofloxacine (92.5%), au  sulfametoxazoletrimethoprime (88,4%), à la gentamycine (67,2%). Globalement nos résultats sont en accord avec les données des autres pays méditerranéensexception faite pour l'amikacine dont la résistance est très basse (6.1%) dans notre étude. Cette étude a montré que la prévalence des E-BLSE en milieu hospitalier est importante et que sa diffusion en milieu communautaire est un fait préoccupant. Ces E-BLSE sont généralement résistantes aux antibiotiques, notamment des aux molécules utiles en urologie.Mots clés: Infections urinaires, ECBU, entérobactéries, BLSE, résistance aux antibiotique

Mechanical and Electrical Design Calculations of Hybrid Vehicles

Electric power is widely used in electric traction for many reasons: it is easy to control the speed of an electric motor, the absence of exhaust gases, free of noise, it has high starting torque, and it needs less maintenance than its mechanical counterpart. In the current research, a modern hybrid car is designed and manufactured in three ways. The first method is using a 220 volt AC electric power to charge five series batteries; each battery has 12 VDC (35 A/h) to supply totally 60 VDC input voltage for the electronic inverter which converts 60 VDC to 60 VAC (three-phase voltage) as a controllable voltage source to three-phase synchronous motor (SM) type (BLDC-YG1-ZZ-1200 W). The second method is to take advantage of the solar energy which is almost available in Iraq environment throughout the year to be stored in the batteries, especially during the shutdown of the machine and when it stops it under the sun. The solar panel is fixed on the vehicle’s roof; it has a power of 100 watts. The third method is the mechanical energy by using the bicycle pedal to move the wheels of the car; it is useful in the event of a sudden interruption of electrical power or a technical failure in the vehicle. In addition, three kinds of electronic devices are used for control. The first control is electric battery charger. The second control is to convert solar radiation into electrical energy to be stored in the batteries. The third control is to regulate the accessories of another electric vehicle. The vehicle was tested in the province of Diyala, Baquba, Iraq, on a flat and tilted land (Al Mafraq Bridge, Baquba city). The steady-state speed reached more than 40 km/h with a total load of more than 125 kg. The design is subjected to real electrical and mechanical engineering tests alongside using decades of applied equations on locomotives and electric vehicles to validate the experimental tests

Using the Multisensory approach to teach students with Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a severe learning difficulty meeting many children in today's educational system. Meeting all of the individual needs of all children is difficult, as any educator today knows. That task is made even more complicated when the child has a diagnosed learning difficulty such as dyslexia. Unfortunately, it appears that there is no known medical care to alleviating the cognitive processing difficulties presented with dyslexia. Therefore, educators must use effective teaching strategies for children with dyslexia to help them become successful in an academic environment (Rupley & Blair,1983). One of the primary adjustments that must be made is how dyslexic children are taught to read and write. Dyslexic children need a different approach to learning language from that employed in most classrooms. They need to be taught, slowly and ultimately, the essential elements of their language - the sounds and letters representing them - and how to put these together and take them apart. They have to use lots of practice in having their writing hands, eyes, ears, and voices working together for the aware organization and conservation of their learning. Current research converges on the efficacy of explicit, structured language teaching for children with dyslexia. Multisensory teaching is simultaneously visual, auditory, and kinesthetic-tactile to strengthen memory and learning. Therefore, being taught by a multisensory approach, children have the advantage of learning alphabetic patterns and words by utilizing all their senses. This paper will provide an overview of the problems faced by dyslexic children and how teachers using a multisensory approach can modify their instruction to accommodate these difficulties. Keywords: Multisensory approach, Dyslexia, Teaching DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/81-06 Publication date:September 30th 202

Is High School Grade Point Average A Sufficient Measure For Admission To College English Departments?

This paper tried to investigate the differences between two groups of students who have been admitted to the English departments based on two different methods of admission. The first group (A) was admitted directly to the department based on their high school GPA, while the other group (B) was admitted based on the level of their replacement test which placed them into the intensive English program. The results of the study showed that more (22.2%) of the students, who directly admitted to the department, were at risk of failure. On the other hand, students who have studied in the intensive English program before being admitted to the English department, showed better result since (4%) of the students were at risk of failure. The answers of the rest of questions on this paper were in favor of group (B). Finally this paper presented some valuable suggestion which are useful for English department administrator

American strategy towards Iraq in Obama's second term between fixed and variable (2013-2016)

The Obama administration repeated that its promise to withdraw from Iraq on time was one of its most important achievements in the first presidential term. In fact, this withdrawal was within a broader and broader context that began to emerge in Obama's second term: withdrawal from the Middle East, In the so-called Asia "Rebalance", but the growing international chaos and the explosion of many crises in the face of the US administration such as the Syrian crisis and Iraq, especially after the so-called Arab Spring revolutions, cast a shadow over the region, and turning Iraq from the success story of the Obama administration and a benchmark for its achievements in foreign policy, a story Failure and a standard of confusion in foreign policy, and critics of the Obama administration, the American withdrawal "arbitrary" created a vacuum in Iraq filled by the opponents of the United States and lose control, or at least affect the course of the arena, both at the level of local players or regional