Le don et la dette chez les intellegentsias Algériennes diasporiques

Nous proposons dans de cette contribution l’étude de l’engagement socioprofessionnel des intelligentsias algériennes diasporiques vis-à-vis de leur pays d’origine à travers l’analyse de quatre éléments structurant la problématique de la dynamique du don et de la dette chez cette catégorie sociale. Il s’agit d’un processus social transactionnel qui s’est accomplit à travers quatre moments fondateurs (âges) et qui se veut une rupture épistémologique avec le rationalisme scientiste, traitant l’un des aspects de la problématique de la fuite des "cerveaux" notamment la question des retours en Algérie. À cet effet, l’étude a comme démarche la déconstruction des récits migratoires en tant que vécus (représentations- attitudes), où se mêlent un ensemble de déterminants subjectifs et objectifs, permettant de comprendre la complexité du phénomène des départs et des retours en Algérie contemporaine. De ce point de vue, la production du Sens que les individus-migrants donnent à l’histoire de leur vécu ne peut être que le produit des conditions historiques de toute la société.Mots Clés: Diaspora, Algérie, Migration, compétences professionnelles, Don, Dette, « âge des espérances », « âge des désespérances », « âge des incertitudes », « âge des confusions »CLASSIFICATION JEL : F21, F22, D73, D74, J81, R28English Title: The gift and dept among Algerian diasporic intelligenciasEnglish AbstractWe propose in this contribution the study of the socio-professional commitment of the Algerian diasporic intelligentsias towards their native country through the analysis of four elements structuring the problematic of the dynamics of the gift and the debt in this social category. It is a transactional social process that has been achieved through four founding moments (ages) and which is an epistemological break with scientistic rationalism, dealing with one of the aspects of the "brain drain" problematic, in particular the question of returns to Algeria. For this purpose, the study's approach is the deconstruction of migratory stories as lived (representations-attitudes), where a set of subjective and objective determinants mingle allow to understand the complexity of the phenomenon of departures and returns in contemporary Algeria. From this point of view, the production of Meaning that the individuals-migrants give to the history of their experience can only be the product of the historical conditions of the whole society.Keywords: Diaspora, Algeria, Migration, Professional Skills, Gift, Debt, "Esperance’s age", "Desperation’s age", " Uncertainty’s age", "Confusion’s age"CLASSIFICATION JEL : F21, F22, D73, D74, J81, R2

Politique de formation à l’étranger et l’émigration intellectuelle algérienne

Ce travail a pour objectif de problématiser la politique de la formation à l’étranger de l’Algérie indépendante, notamment dés les années 1970 à nos jours. Une problématique restée pour longtemps impensée dans le champ de la connaissance migratoire des compétences professionnelles et des intelligentsias en Algérie. De ce point de vue il s’agit de comprendre quelles sont les limites de cette politique publique de formation des cadres et des universitaires algériens à l’étranger dans une ambiance développementiste qui se veut un «rattrapage» de retard causé par le colonialisme Français ? Et quelles sont les conséquences de cette politique de formation à l’étranger en termes de dépendance épistémique et de crise des professions intellectuelles en Algérie d’aujourd’hui ?Mots clés : Émigration intellectuelle, Intelligentsias, Algérie, Formation à l’étranger, Foyers migratoires, Politique développementiste

OSCAR: A Collaborative Bandwidth Aggregation System

The exponential increase in mobile data demand, coupled with growing user expectation to be connected in all places at all times, have introduced novel challenges for researchers to address. Fortunately, the wide spread deployment of various network technologies and the increased adoption of multi-interface enabled devices have enabled researchers to develop solutions for those challenges. Such solutions aim to exploit available interfaces on such devices in both solitary and collaborative forms. These solutions, however, have faced a steep deployment barrier. In this paper, we present OSCAR, a multi-objective, incentive-based, collaborative, and deployable bandwidth aggregation system. We present the OSCAR architecture that does not introduce any intermediate hardware nor require changes to current applications or legacy servers. The OSCAR architecture is designed to automatically estimate the system's context, dynamically schedule various connections and/or packets to different interfaces, be backwards compatible with the current Internet architecture, and provide the user with incentives for collaboration. We also formulate the OSCAR scheduler as a multi-objective, multi-modal scheduler that maximizes system throughput while minimizing energy consumption or financial cost. We evaluate OSCAR via implementation on Linux, as well as via simulation, and compare our results to the current optimal achievable throughput, cost, and energy consumption. Our evaluation shows that, in the throughput maximization mode, we provide up to 150% enhancement in throughput compared to current operating systems, without any changes to legacy servers. Moreover, this performance gain further increases with the availability of connection resume-supporting, or OSCAR-enabled servers, reaching the maximum achievable upper-bound throughput

First language transfer in second language writing: An examination of current research

First language (L1) transfer has been a key issue in the field of applied linguistics, second language acquisition (SLA), and language pedagogy for almost a century. Its importance, however, has been re-evaluated several times within the last few decades. The aim of this paper is to examine current research that has investigated the role of L1 transfer in second language (L2) writing. The paper begins by discussing the different views of L1 transfer and how they have changed over time and then reviews some of the major studies that have examined the role of L1 transfer both as a learning tool and as a communicative strategy in L2 writing. The paper concludes with a number of suggestions for L2 writing instruction and future research

The association between perceived stress and diet quality in women of childbearing age: A systematic review

Poor diet quality is a major cause of maternal obesity and associated with adverse metabolic effects for mother and offspring. Psychological stress can increase intake of unhealthy dietary choices (e.g. highly palatable, energy dense diet), but no study has investigated the association between stress and diet quality in women of childbearing age. This systematic review of the association between psychological stress and diet quality used the PEO (Population, Exposure, and Outcome) model. Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Sciencedirect were searched (October 2018 - January 2019). From 139,552 hits, 471 papers were screened, but only 8 studies met our inclusion criteria: English language, stress (exposure) measured in combination with diet quality (outcome), healthy women (18-49 years of age (population). Data extraction was determined by the PEO. Quality assessment used CASP tool for Cohort studies. The review included eight studies from USA (n=6), Egypt (n=1), and Iran (n=1). The six cross-sectional and two longitudinal studies were published between 2011 and 2017 and had a total of 3,982 participants. Studies were heterogeneous in methods: three used food frequency questionnaires to assess dietary intake while the others used 24-hour dietary recalls. Diet quality was measured using different indices: Alternate Healthy Eating Index (n=2), Healthy Eating Index (n=2), Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet Index (n=2), Dietary Quality Index- Pregnancy (n=2), and Dietary Guideline Adherence Index (n=1). Only one study used three diet quality indices. No study explored dietary patterns using factor analysis and other statistical techniques. Most studies used the perceived stress scale to measure stress; however, there were differences regarding the use of this scale to form a continuous or categorical variable (with varying cut-off scores) perceived stress, whereas no study reported biological response to stress. Outcomes also varied in direction of association; no association (n=4), negative association (n=3), mixed results (n=1). This review is the first to systematically examine association between stress and diet quality in women of childbearing age; there was heterogeneity in measures of diet quality and study designs. Future studies that explore diet quality/patterns should include both diet indices and factor analysis and additionally measure biological markers of both dietary intake and stress

Association between Stress and Diet Quality among Women of Reproductive Age from a University Population in two countries: UK and Lebanon

Background and purpose – Poor diet has been linked with increased obesity-related diseases. Perceived stress has been associated with poorer dietary patterns; however, the evidence among reproductive-aged women is scarce. The objective of this PhD project was to investigate the association between stress and dietary quality/patterns in reproductive-aged women from UK and Lebanon and to explore confounding/explanatory factors that affect the stress and diet association by including a culturally diverse sample of women of reproductive age. Methods – A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to review the literature on the association between stress and diet. Further, a cross-sectional study was conducted among reproductive-aged women in the UK using an online survey questionnaire to investigate the association between stress and dietary quality/patterns. In Lebanon, a similar study has been conducted after validating the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among Lebanese adults. Lastly, Structural Equation Modeling was performed to assess the association between stress and diet and all other variables among the whole sample. Results – The systematic review showed contradictory results and meta-analysis demonstrated a negative association between stress and dietary quality in reproductive-aged women. The study in UK also found that stress was negatively associated with dietary quality/patterns among reproductive-aged women. After validating the EPIC FFQ in Lebanon, the next study revealed no association between stress and dietary quality/patterns among reproductive-aged women. Structural equation modeling indicated that the country-context directly affected dietary quality and patterns, and indirectly through the mediating effect of stress. Being from Lebanon had a negative impact on diet through having increased stress levels. Discussion –This thesis makes an original contribution to the existing knowledge by furthering our understanding of the association between stress and diet and the need to look more closely at women of childbearing age. Further, it provides evidence to support the implementation of an evidence-based stress/diet intervention to be used with childbearing-aged women, supporting their health and experiences before pregnancy

Provision of NAS and Auditor Independence: an Analysis Using Informativeness of Earnings

Econometric analysis – using panel data methods – of data on securities traded on the Dhaka Stock Exchange, Bangladesh, over the period 199599 indicates that audit quality may not necessarily increase with auditor size. However, choice of a large auditor does seem to alleviate any negative impact of nonaudit services on the confidence of investors. A lesson from this seems to be that companies requiring a relatively large amount of nonaudit services from their auditor should find it worthwhile to hire a big audit firm albeit with a fee premium. Another interesting result is that companies declaring negative earnings do not appear to suffer any detriment to their share returns as the link between earnings and returns is significantly weakened when announced earnings are negative