Energy and throughput efficient strategies for heterogeneous future communication networks

As a result of the proliferation of wireless-enabled user equipment and data-hungry applications, mobile data traffic has exponentially increased in recent years.This in-crease has not only forced mobile networks to compete on the scarce wireless spectrum but also to intensify their power consumption to serve an ever-increasing number of user devices. The Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) concept, where mixed types of low-power base stations coexist with large macro base stations, has emerged as a potential solution to address power consumption and spectrum scarcity challenges. However, as a consequence of their inflexible, constrained, and hardware-based configurations, HetNets have major limitations in adapting to fluctuating traffic patterns. Moreover, for large mobile networks, the number of low-power base stations (BSs) may increase dramatically leading to sever power consumption. This can easily overwhelm the benefits of the HetNet concept. This thesis exploits the adaptive nature of Software-defined Radio (SDR) technology to design novel and optimal communication strategies. These strategies have been designed to leverage the spectrum-based cell zooming technique, the long-term evolution licensed assisted access (LTE-LAA) concept, and green energy, in order to introduce a novel communication framework that endeavors to minimize overall network on-grid power consumption and to maximize aggregated throughput, which brings significant benefits for both network operators and their customers. The proposed strategies take into consideration user data demands, BS loads, BS power consumption, and available spectrum to model the research questions as optimization problems. In addition, this thesis leverages the opportunistic nature of the cognitive radio (CR) technique and the adaptive nature of the SDR to introduce a CR-based communication strategy. This proposed CR-based strategy alleviates the power consumption of the CR technique and enhances its security measures according to the confidentiality level of the data being sent. Furthermore, the introduced strategy takes into account user-related factors, such as user battery levels and user data types, and network-related factors, such as the number of unutilized bands and vulnerability level, and then models the research question as a constrained optimization problem. Considering the time complexity of the optimum solutions for the above-mentioned strategies, heuristic solutions were proposed and examined against existing solutions. The obtained results show that the proposed strategies can save energy consumption up to 18%, increase user throughput up to 23%, and achieve better spectrum utilization. Therefore, the proposed strategies offer substantial benefits for both network operators and users

Genetic Diversity Studies on Wheat Landraces in Palestine Using RAPD Markers in Comparison to Phenotypic Classification

Wheat is a highly economic agricultural crop world wide. Profitability of wheat can be increased through selection by farmers, which showed an increase in grain and straw production. Description of landraces is essential in order to reserve farmer’s rights in their landraces which they maintained for several years. Estimates of genetic relationship are important in designing crop improvement programs. Information on genetic diversity is also valued for the management of germplasm and for evolving conservation strategies. Molecular markers are the best tools for determining genetic relations to domestic cultivars. This study was undertaken to examine the extent of genetic variation among the diverse individuals of important crops such as wheat and to evaluate RAPD as a molecular marker for genetic classification of cultivars of wheat and compare this approach with the authentic data collected from the same cultivars cultivated in Palestine. The results of this work clearly indicated the level of genetic diversity and similarities expressed in clusters of the landraces analyzed. The RAPD technique could be used effectively to demonstrate valuable results for farmers in recognition of landraces and their original sources.This paper is part of agro-biodiversity project – Palestine. The work of genetic analysis on wheat was conducted as part of sub-project funded with appreciation by UNDP/SGP in Jerusalem

A secure and energy-aware approach for cognitive radio communications

The cognitive radio (CR) technique has revealed a novel way of utilizing the precious radiospectrum via allowing unlicensed users to opportunistically access unutilized licensed bands. Using sucha technique enables agile and flexible access to the radio spectrum and can resolve the spectrum-scarcityproblem and maximize spectrum efficiency. However, two major impediments have been limiting thewidespread adoption of cognitive radio technology. The software-defined radio technology, which is theenabling technology for the CR technique, is power-hungry and this raises a major concern for battery-constrained devices such as smart phones and laptops. Secondly, the opportunistic and open nature ofthe CR can lead to major security concerns about the data being sent and how safe it is. In this paper,we introduce an energy-and-security-aware CR-based communication approach that alleviates the powerconsumption of the CR technique and enhances its security measures according to the confidentialitylevel of the data being sent. Furthermore, the proposed approach takes into account user-related factors,such as the user’s battery level and user’s data type, and network-related factors, such as the number ofunutilized bands and vulnerability level and then models the research question as a constrained optimizationproblem. Considering the time complexity of the optimum solution, we also propose a heuristic solution.We examine the proposed solution against existing solutions, and our obtained results show that theproposed approach can save energy consumption up to 18%, increase user throughput up to 20%, andachieve better spectrum utilization, up to 98%. Our proposed admission approach has the potential toopen a new research direction towards safer and greener cognitive radio techniques

Physical layer authenticated image encryption for Iot network based on biometric chaotic signature for MPFrFT OFDM system

In this paper, a new physical layer authenticated encryption (PLAE) scheme based on the multi-parameter fractional Fourier transform–Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MP-FrFT-OFDM) is suggested for secure image transmission over the IoT network. In addition, a new robust multi-cascaded chaotic modular fractional sine map (MCC-MF sine map) is designed and analyzed. Also, a new dynamic chaotic biometric signature (DCBS) generator based on combining the biometric signature and the proposed MCC-MF sine map random chaotic sequence output is also designed. The final output of the proposed DCBS generator is used as a dynamic secret key for the MPFrFT OFDM system in which the encryption process is applied in the frequency domain. The proposed DCBS secret key generator generates a very large key space of (Formula presented.). The proposed DCBS secret keys generator can achieve the confidentiality and authentication properties. Statistical analysis, differential analysis and a key sensitivity test are performed to estimate the security strengths of the proposed DCBS-MP-FrFT-OFDM cryptosystem over the IoT network. The experimental results show that the proposed DCBS-MP-FrFT-OFDM cryptosystem is robust against common signal processing attacks and provides a high security level for image encryption application. © 2023 by the authors

Authenticated public key elliptic curve based on deep convolutional neural network for cybersecurity image encryption application

The demand for cybersecurity is growing to safeguard information flow and enhance data privacy. This essay suggests a novel authenticated public key elliptic curve based on a deep convolutional neural network (APK-EC-DCNN) for cybersecurity image encryption application. The public key elliptic curve discrete logarithmic problem (EC-DLP) is used for elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman key exchange (EC-DHKE) in order to generate a shared session key, which is used as the chaotic system’s beginning conditions and control parameters. In addition, the authenticity and confidentiality can be archived based on ECC to share the (Formula presented.) parameters between two parties by using the EC-DHKE algorithm. Moreover, the 3D Quantum Chaotic Logistic Map (3D QCLM) has an extremely chaotic behavior of the bifurcation diagram and high Lyapunov exponent, which can be used in high-level security. In addition, in order to achieve the authentication property, the secure hash function uses the output sequence of the DCNN and the output sequence of the 3D QCLM in the proposed authenticated expansion diffusion matrix (AEDM). Finally, partial frequency domain encryption (PFDE) technique is achieved by using the discrete wavelet transform in order to satisfy the robustness and fast encryption process. Simulation results and security analysis demonstrate that the proposed encryption algorithm achieved the performance of the state-of-the-art techniques in terms of quality, security, and robustness against noise- and signal-processing attacks

Coronary arteries bypass grafting in dialysis dependent end stage renal disease, results and outcome

Background: The objective is to assess the results and outcome of patients with dialysis dependent end stage renal failure who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting.Methods: In this retrospective study we analyzed the medical records of dialysis dependent end stage renal failure patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting from January 2008 till December 2012 at queen alia heart institute. The total number of patients were 62 out of 6522 (0.95%). 42 of them were male (68%), the average age was 48±12 year, the duration of dialysis was 17±7 months. The medical profile of the patients, renal condition and duration of dialysis were analyzed. Preoperative cardiac condition and risk factors were also analyzed. Operative variables and postoperative results including mortality and post-operative renal and cardiac related complications were also analyzed.Results: Total in hospital mortality was 5 (8%), the cause of mortality was renal failure related causes in 2 patients, sepsis in 2 patients, cardiac causes in one patient. Average time for extubation, ICU stay and hospital stay was 9±2.3 hours, 27±7 hours and 7 days respectively. The average amount of blood loss postoperatively was 450±55 ml; five patients (8%) were resent to the operating theatre for exploration resternotomy because of bleeding. The average creatinine level 6.5±1.5 mg/dl. Six patients need dialysis in the first 24 hours of the operation (9.7%), most patients were returned to the usual protocol of dialysis, which was in average of 3 times per week.Conclusions: Coronary artery bypass grafting is the standard treatment in patient of end stage renal disease with coronary artery disease. Surgery is the ideal treatment in three vessel and left main disease according to SYNTAX trial. Those patients are high risk candidate for surgery, but proper preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative management decrease the risk and make the procedure safe.

Diagnosis of papilledema and pseudopapilledema using optical coherence tomography

Background: Papilledema is a common clinical problem where the ophthalmologist plays an important role in its diagnosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high resolution images of the retina and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL).Objective: The aim of the work was early and non- invasive diagnosis of papilledema and differentiating it from pseudopapilledema using optical coherence tomography (OCT).Patients and methods: This observational case control study included a total of 45 eyes stratified into 3 equally groups, 15 each, (Group-1): eyes of healthy normal subjects, (Group-2) eyes with papilledema and (Group-3) eyes with pseudo-papilledema. Patients presented at Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic, Zagazig University Hospitals. Follow-up visits included an interview with the patient for assessing the presence of ocular symptoms, and for ophthalmologic examination to register all the clinical findings.Results: There is statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding result of fundus examination. Normal control group had normal appearance of fundus. Concerning pseudo papilledema, 73.3% had crowded disc and 26.7% had dusen. Concerning papilledema, 40% had mild lesion, 20% had moderate and remaining 40% had severe lesion. There is statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding morphological changes. Crowded disc and buried optic disc drusen occurred in 73.3% and 26.7% of pseudopapilledema group respectively). There is statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding superior RNFL. On LSD comparison, the difference is significant between each individual groups. There is statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding inferior RNFL.Conclusion: It could be concluded that spectral domain optical coherence tomography can differentiate between papilledema, pseudopapilledema, and a normal disc