Automated Refinement Of Hierarchical Object Graphs

Object graphs help explain the runtime structure of a system. To make object graphs convey design intent, one insight is to use abstraction by hierarchy, i.e., to show objects that are implementation details as children of architecturally-relevant objects from the application domain. But additional information is needed to express this object hierarchy, using ownership type qualifiers in the code. Adding qualifiers after the fact involves manual overhead, and requires developers to switch between adding qualifiers in the code and looking at abstract object graphs to understand the object structures that the qualifiers describe. We propose an approach where developers express their design intent by refining an object graph directly, while an inference analysis infers valid qualifiers in the code. We present, formalize and implement the inference analysis. Novel features of the inference analysis compared to closely related work include a larger set of qualifiers to support less restrictive object hierarchy (logical containment) in addition to strict hierarchy (strict encapsulation), as well as object uniqueness and object borrowing. A separate extraction analysis then uses these qualifiers and extracts an updated object graph. We evaluate the approach on two subject systems. One of the subject systems is reproduced from an experiment using related techniques and another ownership type system, which enables a meaningful comparison. For the other subject system, we use its documentation to pick refinements that express design intent. We compute metrics on the refinements (how many attempts on each subject system) and classify them by their type. We also compute metrics on the inferred qualifiers and metrics on the object graphs to enable quantitative comparison. Moreover, we qualitatively compare the hierarchical object graphs with the flat object graphs and with each other, by highlighting how they express design intent. Finally, we confirm that the approach can infer from refinements valid qualifiers such that the extracted object graphs reflect the design intent of the refinements

Wideband Flat Radomes Using Inhomogeneous Planar Layers

Inhomogeneous planar layers (IPLs) are optimally designed as flat radomes in a desired frequency range. First, the electric permittivity function of the IPL is expanded in a truncated Fourier series. Then, the optimum values of the coefficients of the series are obtained through an optimization approach. The performance of the proposed structure is verified using some examples

Incentive Design and Market Evolution of Mobile User-Provided Networks

An operator-assisted user-provided network (UPN) has the potential to achieve a low cost ubiquitous Internet connectivity, without significantly increasing the network infrastructure investment. In this paper, we consider such a network where the network operator encourages some of her subscribers to operate as mobile Wi-Fi hotspots (hosts), providing Internet connectivity for other subscribers (clients). We formulate the interaction between the operator and mobile users as a two-stage game. In Stage I, the operator determines the usage-based pricing and quota-based incentive mechanism for the data usage. In Stage II, the mobile users make their decisions about whether to be a host, or a client, or not a subscriber at all. We characterize how the users' membership choices will affect each other's payoffs in Stage II, and how the operator optimizes her decision in Stage I to maximize her profit. Our theoretical and numerical results show that the operator's maximum profit increases with the user density under the proposed hybrid pricing mechanism, and the profit gain can be up to 50\% in a dense network comparing with a pricing-only approach with no incentives.Comment: This manuscript serves as the online technical report of the article published in IEEE Workshop on Smart Data Pricing (SDP), 201

Efficiency of Ammonium and Nitrate Ratios on Macronutrient Content and Morphological Properties of Gerbera jamesonii Cut Flower

This experiment was carried out to study on the effect of different NO3 ¯:NH4 + ratios on macronutrient content and growth of two cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hooker f.) cultivars in an open hydroponic system. The plants were nourished with different NO3¯:NH4+ ratios as 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60. The application of NO3- and NH4 + at ratio 40:60 caused a reduction in flower height, stem and disk diameter, number of flowers, inflorescence fresh and dry weight, and vase life. Results indicated that N, P and NH4 + concentrations were enhanced in leaves of gerbera cultivars by increase of NH4 + ratio, whereas K, Ca, Mg, and nitrate were decreased. As compared to ‘Double Dutch’, the ‘Stanza’ cultivar could uptake more of N, P, and Mg. Inversely, ‘Double Dutch’ was able to uptake more of K and Ca than ‘Stanza’. Defined optimal ratio of NO3¯:NH4 + 80:20 could be used for gerbera production in vegetative and reproductive stages

Assessment of tectonic activities of Ghorveh- Dehgolan basin by using geomorphic indices

The morpho-tectonic indices of the basin are used to investigate the active tectonics. The study area is part of the Sefidrud basin. In this study, to assess tectonic activities in the Ghorveh- Dehgolan basin, five morphometric indices of the Relative relief (Bh), Drainage density (Dd), Form factor (Ff), Hypsometric integral and curve (Hi), and Stream gradient index (SL) have been assessed. First, sub basins and streams were extracted by using geographic information systems (GIS) and using hydrological functions of GIS (Arc Hydro). To calculate indices in each sub-basin, Topographic maps with scale 1:25000, geology maps 1: 100000 and digital elevation map (DEM) with a horizontal resolution of 30 m were used and for each index, the zoning map of the current tectonic activity level in the study area in five categories was plotted. Finally, according to the calculated values for each index, the relative active tectonic index (Iat) for each sub-basin was calculated. According to (Iat) index, the zoning map of total tectonic activity level was plotted and the study area was divided into four classes of tectonic activity. Class 1 (very high tectonic activity), class 2 (high tectonic activity), class 3 (intermediate), class 4 (low), class 5 (very low tectonic activity). The results of this study indicate high tectonic activity in the study area that is due to faults activity in the area. Bane abad, Sormeh ali, Parishan, Mahmud abad, Siah and Khalkhal faults are some of the most important faults in this area

Solving Elasto-Static Bounded Problems with a Novel Arbitrary-Shaped Element

A simple method to analysis any arbitrary domain shapes with a single element which based on Decoupled Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method is presented in this paper. The introduced element is based on boundary finite element method which helps to modelling curve and sharp boundaries with acceptable accuracy. Shape functions and mapping functions are similar to Decoupled Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method but locating center origin (LCO) is relocated in this method from corners with direct view to whole domain into shape center and formulation and behavior of the method is developed for the element. The most important advantageous of this technique is ability of solving displacement in domain by solving differential equations which causes more accurate answers in domain.  We also perform well-established numerical tests and show the performance of the new element. Results shown us the accuracy and reliable answers for the introduced element. Also some benchmark examples are solved by this method and answers are compared with correct answers and plotted. High accuracy of answers with low cost of calculations and ability of the method to analysis the curve and sharp boundaries are the most important advantageous of this new element