Pricing warrant by using binomial model: comparison between historical and implied volatility / Khairu Azlan Abd Aziz… [et al.]

A warrant is a security that allows the holder to buy and sell the underlying share at a fixed price until expiry date. Warrant price will always fluctuates since the underlying share also fluctuates. Hence, determining the warrant price is the main problem among the investors in Malaysia. This research is focusing on pricing the warrant for five companies that were listed in Bursa Malaysia. The companies were chosen randomly from UiTM DataStream. The selected companies were Boon Koon Sdn Bhd, Hovid Bhd, Kelington Bhd, ML Global Bhd and Tropicana Corporation Bhd. The data contained underlying share, interest rate, exercise price and actual warrant price. This research aims to define the price of warrant by using Binomial model. Historical volatility and implied volatility were used in this research whereby volatility is the movement of the underlying share price. This research aims at comparing the actual warrant price with the calculated warrant price. The data were computed manually by using Microsoft Excel and the comparison was made between the two type of volatilities to give the nearest value of calculated warrant price to the actual warrant price. The nearest value was assumed the best value for this research. The result was made by analyzing the line graphs and comparing between historical volatility and implied volatility with actual warrant price. Mean Square Error was used to support the results that were obtained from the line graphs. In the end, implied volatility yielded better results compared to historical volatility

Fuzzy Logic to Evaluate Significant Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance Through Online Distance Learning

Online distance learning is becoming more and more popular and more preferred among students. In order to develop efficient strategies and solutions for introducing online distance learning, higher education institutions should be aware of the needs and expectations of their students. In the current study, students from University of Technology MARA will investigate which factors that affect the execution of online distance learning for academic performance. Time management, learning environment, internet connection, and learning method are among the factors under consideration, as determined by a literature review. The information was gathered through an online survey of 331 students whose academic performance is affected by online distance learning. An expert system based on fuzzy logic has been developed to determine which factors have the greatest influence on students' academic performance in online distance learning. According to the results obtained using the MATLAB software, one of the most important factors influencing students' academic performance in online distance learning is time management. The findings of this study will help students to improve time management in order to improve students’ academic performance

Application of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) for the Selection of Best Student Award

The Best Student Award is an award that students, particularly those who perform best, look forward to receiving. It recognized students who have achieved success in both academic and extra-curricular activities during their undergraduate years. However, there are other challenges in the student selection decision such as having trouble in selecting the student with what characteristic features should be considered and prioritized. Hence, the management needs to take the initiative to make students more satisfied with the new process and result. This study aims to determine the important factors and sub-factors needed to select the student for the best student award and rank them according to the most important influence level. To achieve the objective, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) has been used to determine ranking factors including Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA), soft skills that students possess, discipline, and participation in extra-curricular activities. Each factor comprises three sub-factors. The primary data was collected by distributing questionnaires to six experts, consisting of three (3) academic administrators and three (3) student administrators using Google Forms. Discipline, with a normalized weight of 0.363, is the most important factor in students' selection of excellent students. With a normalized weight of 0.485, the sub-factor teaching and learning process is the most essential for CGPA. With a normalized weight of 0.445, self-confidence is the most important sub-factor under soft skills. Subfactors free from disciplinary action (normalized weight 0.414) are significant for the factor of discipline and committing (normalized weight 0.482) is significant for the factor of extra-curricular activities. Based on this outcome, it shows that Fuzzy AHP is a method that can assist experts to decide under complicated situations and precisely rank all factors and sub-factors. High satisfaction among students with selection decisions will most likely lead to their high and extraordinary fighting spirit

The Assessment of Quran Reciting Competitions Using the Fuzzy Evaluation Method

A Quran Reciting Competition evaluates a participant's performance based on several factors, including Tajweed, Tarannum, Fasohah, and Vocal Quality. Participants in the Quran Reciting Competition are usually assigned a point value of 100, with each point representing a linguistic word or label such as 'Exceptional' ,'Excellent',  'Fairly Good' and so on. Evaluating participant performance seems difficult because it involves human decision-making, which is imprecise, ambiguous, and unpredictable. This study employed the fuzzy evaluation method to assess participants' performance at a Quran Reciting Competition in Klang. In this manner, the membership function graph was used to determine the membership value of each satisfaction level. The satisfaction level of each participant's mark was then computed. At the end, the fuzzy markings with linguistic values would be obtained. The proposed method provides an alternative approach that is reasonable and intelligent in assessing competitors' performance. This method is practical because it can increase the satisfaction of participants and assist the panels in making more reliable decisions during the competition

Nasyid Competition Assessment Using Fuzzy Evaluation Method

The nasyid competition evaluates a participant's performance based on several factors, including Voice, Music, Lyrics, and Performance. Participants in the nasyid competition are usually assigned a point value of 100, with each point representing a linguistic word such as “Perfect”, “Spectacular”, “Very Good” and so on. Evaluating participant performance is especially difficult because it involves human decision-making, which is imprecise, ambiguous, and unpredictable. This study employs the fuzzy evaluation method to assess participant performance at a nasyid competition held in Kedah. In this manner, the membership function graph was used to determine the membership value of each satisfaction level. When fuzzy numbers are used, the fuzzy markings are created more consistently. The satisfaction level of each participant’s mark would then be computed. In the end, the fuzzy markings with linguistic value would be obtained. The proposed assessment method has a bright future in evaluating those participants’ performance because it provides an alternative approach to assessing performance

Selecting The Effective Ways to Prevent COVID-19 From Spreading Using Fuzzy AHP Method

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on global health and economies. This study aims to identify highly effective prevention strategies for mitigating the spread of COVID-19 using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method. The FAHP is a fuzzy logic-based extension of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, allowing for the consideration of both tangible and intangible criteria. The study focuses on seven key criteria: social/physical measures, health monitoring, avoidance of unnecessary contact, hygiene practices, immunity/fitness, healthy diet, and sharing personal items. By involving three decision-makers, including a nurse, a Medical Officer (MO), and a Medical Assistant (MA), the relative weights of these criteria are calculated using pair-wise comparisons and Buckley's approach. The findings reveal that hygiene emerges as the most critical factor in preventing the spread of COVID-19, followed by social/physical measures and health monitoring. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare professionals in selecting and implementing effective preventive measures to control the spread of COVID-19

Fuzzy Logic to Evaluate Significant Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance Through Online Distance Learning

Online distance learning is becoming more and more popular and more preferred among students. In order to develop efficient strategies and solutions for introducing online distance learning, higher education institutions should be aware of the needs and expectations of their students. In the current study, students from University of Technology MARA will investigate which factors that affect the execution of online distance learning for academic performance. Time management, learning environment, internet connection, and learning method are among the factors under consideration, as determined by a literature review. The information was gathered through an online survey of 331 students whose academic performance is affected by online distance learning. An expert system based on fuzzy logic has been developed to determine which factors have the greatest influence on students' academic performance in online distance learning. According to the results obtained using the MATLAB software, one of the most important factors influencing students' academic performance in online distance learning is time management. The findings of this study will help students to improve time management in order to improve students’ academic performance

The Determination of Factors that Influence the Noise Pollution in Malaysia using Fuzzy Logic

Nowadays, the economy of our country has increased, so the use of transport, whether on land or by air, has also increased. This will lead to noise pollution, which will have an impact on human health. Noise pollution was an unpleasant sound that could have a negative impact on human health, such as sleep disturbance, hearing loss, annoyance, and stress. There are many factors that can cause noise pollution such as road traffic, aircraft, commercial construction, industrial and manufacturing noise. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the factor that influences noise pollution in Malaysia using Fuzzy Logic. The determination of factors that affect noise pollution in Malaysia using the Fuzzy Logic approach includes the determination of input and output variables, Fuzzification, Fuzzy Ru le - Based, Fuzzy Inference Method and Defuzzification. In Defuzzification which is the last stage for Fuzzy logic, Centroid method used since it can give a result with more accurate and flexible. This study used road traffic noise, aircraft noise, industria l and manufacturing noise and commercial construction as factors for noise pollution, as well as input variables. This method was used to determine which factors have the most influence on noise pollution. The results of this study show that road traffic n oise and industrial and manufacturing noise were factors which had an impact on noise pollution with a maximum value of 82. This shows that the aim of this study has been achieved

The Assessment of Quran Reciting Competitions Using the Fuzzy Evaluation Method

A Quran Reciting Competition evaluates a participant's performance based on several factors, including Tajweed, Tarannum, Fasohah, and Vocal Quality. Participants in the Quran Reciting Competition are usually assigned a point value of 100, with each point representing a linguistic word or label such as 'Exceptional' ,'Excellent',  'Fairly Good' and so on. Evaluating participant performance seems difficult because it involves human decision-making, which is imprecise, ambiguous, and unpredictable. This study employed the fuzzy evaluation method to assess participants' performance at a Quran Reciting Competition in Klang. In this manner, the membership function graph was used to determine the membership value of each satisfaction level. The satisfaction level of each participant's mark was then computed. At the end, the fuzzy markings with linguistic values would be obtained. The proposed method provides an alternative approach that is reasonable and intelligent in assessing competitors' performance. This method is practical because it can increase the satisfaction of participants and assist the panels in making more reliable decisions during the competition