Hidden Killers in Afghanistan

Years of demining and mine action operations have reduced the number of casualties in Afghanistan, and lives are beginning to improve. Yet about eight percent of the estimated 33,000 communities in the country continue to be impacted and 12 percent of those are considered high-impact communities

TINJAUAN YURIDIS TENTANG "PENGHINAAN" DALAM KEBEBASAN BERPENDAPAT (FREEDOM OF SPEECH) (Pasal 45 Ayat 3 UU No. 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas UU No. 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronik)

ABSTRACTSocial media is one of the triggers for problems that arise in today's social reality, from these problems the government formed a special law, namely the law on information and electronic transactions, hereinafter referred to as the ITE Law. One of the rules regulated in the ITE Law is the criminal act of humiliation which is a study in the writing of this thesis with the formulation of the problem of the definition of insult in Article 45 Paragraph 3 of Law no. 19 and how humiliation in the perspective of freedom of expression. This research is a normative juridical research with the main reference being the joint decision of the three ministers, hereinafter referred to as the SKB regarding the implementation of Law no. 19 of 2016. The decree states that it is not an insult if the content or content that is transmitted, distributed, and/or made accessible is in the form of an assessment, opinion, evaluation result or a fact. Insults are also part of opinions where the indicators of insults themselves are difficult to define, so that all opinions whose objects of opinion are other people may be entangled in the article and become a weapon for everyone to punish everyone so that it threatens freedom of expression.Keywords:insults, freedom of opinion, ITE Law ABSTRAKMedia sosial menjadi salah satu bagian pemicu permasalahan yang muncul dalam suatu realitas sosial masyarakat hari ini, dari permasalahan tersebut pemerintah membentuk UU khusus yaitu undang undang tentang informasi dan transaksi elektronik yang selanjutnya disebut UU ITE. Salah satu aturan yang diatur dalam UU ITE adalah tindak pidana penghinaan yang dimana menjadi suatu kajian dalam kepenulisan skripsi ini dengan rumusan masalah definisi penghinaan dalam Pasal 45 Ayat 3 UU No. 19 dan bagaimana penghinaan dalam dalam perspektif kebebasan berpendapat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan acuan utama keputusan bersama tiga mentri yang selanjutnya disebut SKB tentang implementasi  UU No. 19 Tahun 2016. Dalam SKB tersebut dinyatakan bukan sebuah penghinaan jika muatan atau konten yang ditransmisikan, didistribusikan, dan/atau dibuat dapat diaksesnya tersebut adalah berupa penilaian, pendapat, hasil evaluasi atau sebuah kenyataan. Penghinaan juga bagian dari pendapat dimana indikator penghinaan sendiri sulit untuk didefinisikan sehingga yang terjadi semua pendapat yang objek pendapatnya orang lain memungkinkan terjerat pasal tersebut dan menjadi senjata bagi setiap orang untuk menghukum semua orang sehingga hal tersebut mengancam kebebasan berpendapatKata kunci:penghinaan, kebebasan berpendapat, UU-IT

LEOPOLDOVI HVATOVI: KOLIKO SU ČESTI U NAŠOJ SVAKODNEVNOJ PRAKSI

Objective. To determine how frequent obstetricians use Leopold’s maneuvers in their practice. Subjects and Methods. A questionnaire with numerical scale was distributed among practicing obstetricians. They examined how ­frequent the symphyseal fundal height (SFH) measurement, Leopold’s maneuvers and ultrasound examination for fetal orientation were performed. Results. A total of 165 obstetricians completed the questionnaire. Only 56 (33.9%) respondents indicated that they use SFH. The first and third Leopold’s maneuver were the most frequent abdominal grips ­performed. Only 36 (21.8%) respondents regularly perform all four maneuvers. Seventy seven (46.7%) respondents use ultrasound to determine fetal orientation. The use of ultrasound was significantly higher (p=0.02) in those practicing for less than 10 years (62.6%) compared to those practicing for 10 years or more (43.3%). Conclusion. Leopold’s maneuvers are still common in daily obstetrics practice. Abdominal palpation remains a common method to estimate the uterine size. The first and third Leopold’s maneuver were the most frequent abdominal grips performed. Ultrasound examination is commonly used to determine fetal orientation.Cilj rada je ustanoviti koliko često opstetričari u svojoj praksi rabe Leopold-Pavlikove hvatove. Materijal i metode. Upitnik s brojčanim podatcima je podijeljen opstetričarima iz prakse. Oni su pokazali koliko često izvode ­mjerenje udaljenosti fundus simfiza, Leoplodove hvatove i pregled ultrazvukom za prosudbu fetalnog položaja i stava. Rezultati. Ukupno je 165 opstetričara ispunilo upitnik. Samo 56 (33,9%) njih mjere udaljenost fundus simfiza. Prvi i treći Leopoldov hvat su najčešće rabljeni hvatovi. Samo 36 (21,8%) ispitanika redovito izvode sva četiri hvata. Sedamdeset ­sedam (47,7%) rabe ultrazvučni pregled da odrede položaj i stav djeteta. Uporaba ultrazvuka je bila signifikantno češća (p=0,02) u onih koji rade manje od 10 godina (62,6%) od onih koji rade dulje od 10 godina (43,3%). Zaključak. Leopoldovi hvatovi su još uvijek uobičajeni u svakodnevnoj opstetričnoj praksi. Palpacija trbuha trudnice je uobičajena metoda za prosudbu veličine maternice. Prvi i treći Leopoldov hvat su najčešće rabljeni hvatovi. Pregled ultrazvukom se obično rabi za prosudbu položaja i stava fetusa

MANDARIN INTERFERENCE IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE OF CHINESE COMMUNITY IN MAKASSAR CITY

Interference is a language phenomenon that often occurs in Indonesian Languagelingual societies. This study reveals the Mandarin language interference that occurs in Indonesian speech in the Chinese community of Makassar City. This study concerns the main problem, namely how the form of interference that occurs in the Chinese community of Makassar City. The analyzed interference includes phonological, morphological, and syntactic interference. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection was done by direct observation, interviews, notes, and documentation. The presentation of the data results is done by collecting data, reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study found that the phonological interference includes the addition of phonemes, changes in phonemes, and the release of phonemes. Likewise, there are two forms of morphological interference, namely lexical interference and reduplication. And syntactic interference occurs in the SKPO sentence structure pattern, the SKP sentence structure pattern (adverb of place), the SKP sentence structure pattern (adverb of time), and the question sentence pattern

SHORT NOTE Growth, forage and grain yields of barley as affected by irrigation regime and method of sowing in Sudan Gezira

Barley (Hordium vulgare) is an important multipurpose crop used as feed for animals, malt and human food. Its importance lies in its ability to grow and produce in marginal environments, which are often characterized by drought, low temperature and salinity, (Maas and Hoffiman, 1997 and Baum et al.,2004). Barley is most commonly grown for cereal silage and can produce good yields of high quality feed if water is available. Compared to alfalfa, it grows during a short period and its water requirements are less. The full season water requirements of alfalfa are 900mm of water, one crop of barley silage may only require about 375mm of water for a 7.5 to 10 ton/ha yield. The three years average amount of the applied water for barley on 10 days interval was only 4525 m3/ha, compared to other field crops, the average applied irrigation water for barley is low and water productivity is high even if irrigated every 10 days (Mahasin and Khair, 2014). Hand broadcasting is commonly used to sow wheat (84%) and barley (92%) while covering with mold-board is used to a lesser extent with wheat (48%) than with barley (68%)

Adherence to prophylaxis in adolescents and young adults with severe haemophilia, A qualitative study with patients

© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Abstract Introduction: Reported levels of adherence to prophylaxis among young people with haemophilia (YPH) vary widely and are predominately based on estimations made by healthcare professionals and parents. Reasons for (non)adherence among YPH in particular have not been evidenced. Aim: to examine experiences in relation to prophylaxis with YPH themselves, and barriers and facilitators to their adherence. Methods: 11 Participants were recruited in five haemophilia centres across England and Wales. All patients who met the inclusion criteria (aged 12-25, diagnosed with haemophilia, on prophylaxis) were approached during a routine check-up appointment, and all participants who agreed to take part were interviewed. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: Self-reported adherence to prophylaxis was good. Few participants admitted to intentionally skipping injections although they reported sometimes forgetting. However, due to the increasingly personalised and flexible approach to prophylaxis, adherence is not straightforward to define. Barriers to adherence included a busy lifestyle, dislike of the intravenous injection, venous access issues, anxiety or stress and being out of one’s normal routine. Support was an important facilitator to adherence, including support from health professionals at the haemophilia centre as well as friends. Parents appear to be very involved with their sons’ haemophilia management, even after their sons leave home. Conclusion: What this study adds is that the increasingly flexible and personalized approach to managing prophylaxis in haemophilia may sometimes lead to confusion around treatment frequency and dosing. This may lead to accidental non-adherence, which is distinct from both skipping and forgetting. Advice from haemophilia teams may not always be consistent, and is likely to be interpreted differently by different individuals. Some additional training and education of patients and their families to increase their knowledge and skills around prophylaxis may reduce this confusion and therefore is likely to improve adherence further.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

In vitro evaluation of biocontrol agents and fungicides on wood decay fungiganoderma associated with mortality of tree legumes

An experiment was conducted to isolate a number of biocontrol agent- Trichoderma spp. from infected spawn packets of oyster mushroom at National Mushroom Development and Extension Centre, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. These bio-control agents were used as antagonist against four wild wood decay fungi of Ganoderma, viz., G. lucidum-1, G. lucidum-2, G. lucidum-3, G. applanatum and two cultivated G. lucidum-4, G.lucidum-6 under in vitro condition. An in vitro trial of Trichoderma spp. against Ganoderma were performed by dual culture, by treating with volatile, non-volatile and naturally untreated metabolites of bio-control agents. In dual culture, all the Trichoderma species showed 70- 100% mycelia inhibition of G. lucidum-1 and G. lucidum-2, 55.6-100% inhibition of G. lucidum-3, 20-66.7% of G. applanatum, 100% of G. lucidum-5, 75-100% of G. lucidum-6. Effects of heat killed extracts of Trichoderma spp. on growth of G. lucidum-2 (wild) and G. lucidum-6 (cultivated) were also evaluated. Fungicides Bavistin and Dithane M-45 were also used to investigate the mycelial growth inhibition of Ganoderma spp.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (2): 31-35, December, 201

Physiotherapy interventions for pain management in haemophilia: A systematic review

Purpose: Approximately 35%-50% of people with haemophilia (PWH) report living with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Although exercise based rehabilitation is effective for pain in other arthritises, there are no published guidelines for management of chronic pain in PWH. This review aims to evaluate and appraise the current evidence of effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions on (a) pain intensity, (b) quality of life (QoL) and (c) function in PWH. Methods: A systematic review of five databases AMED and CINAHL, EMBASE and MEDLINE and PEDro, as well as trial registries, grey literature and hand searching key journals was completed. Included studies were critically appraised and evaluated for risk of bias. The GRADE approach was used to rate the quality of the evidence. Results: Nine trials consisting of 235 participants met the inclusion criteria. All studies had an overall risk of bias with low methodological quality. Meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity across trials. Studies comparing a range of physiotherapy interventions against no intervention showed no clear beneficial effect on pain intensity or QoL. Only one study, investigating hydrotherapy or land-based exercise against control, showed positive effect for pain intensity, but rated very low on GRADE assessment. Studies comparing one physiotherapy intervention against another showed no clear benefit on pain intensity, QoL or function. LASER with exercise and hydrotherapy were shown to have some positive effects on pain intensity, but no clear benefit on function. Conclusions: At present, there is limited evidence for the use of physiotherapy interventions in addressing the issue of pain in PWH. Better designed trials with higher quality and explicit methodology along with user involvement are needed to assess the efficacy of any proposed intervention

How does a lifetime of painful experiences influence sensations and beliefs about pain in adults with severe haemophilia? A qualitative study

Purpose: To explore the life experiences of pain in people with severe haemophilia and understand how such experiences influence beliefs and sensation of pain in adulthood. Methods: A qualitative inquiry approach using focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews was used. Participants included people with severe haemophilia living with chronic pain. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Fourteen men with a median age of 47 (range 23–73) agreed to take part. Eleven participated in two focus groups and three were interviewed over telephone. Two themes were conceptualised from the data: (i) haemophilia and pain – an evolving life biography (the personal narrative, historical, social, and medical context, continuous adaptation of activity choices, surveillance of pain and its meaning); (ii) “My normal isn’t normal” – identity and self-agency (pain as a feature of life and identify with severe haemophilia, loss of enjoyable activities balanced against staying active, barriers to participation). Conclusions: Pain is a constantly evolving, lifetime feature for many adults with haemophilia and it is viewed as part of their identity with their condition. Healthcare professionals working in haemophilia should try to better understand the influence of an individuals lived experience with their haemophilia on beliefs and behaviours of pai