Gestion Des Risques Majeurs Au Maroc: Les Instabilités De Terrain

Instabilities of the ground is regarded as one of the most serious problems that affect many areas in Morocco. The study is important and beneficial because it concerns various sections of the Rif area. Indeed, certain zones which came at the top have been seriously affected. Disorders are numerous: destruction of homes, loss of agricultural land, and deterioration of infrastructure (roads, railways, and bridges). The aim of this study is focused on the zones where the road network generally is much damaged. This, however, causes a disturbance and even an interruption of the road traffic during stormy periods. The detailed study of lithology, climatology, geomorphology, hydrology, and the slope of the studied zones allows us to highlight the characteristics of the unstable grounds. It also helped us to figure out that the rheological nature of the ground plays a significant role in the characterization of the type of movement.The analysis of various movements which was found enables us to conclude that an instability of the ground depends on the conjunction on many factors, whether they are of provision or release. The most important factors causing the instabilities of the ground are: The alternation of rocks of nature; permeability and plasticity were well contrasted. The rugged relief and steep slopes. Geotechnical properties. Seismicity. Irregular rainfall. Geomorphology and land use. Anthropogenic action. Spatial distribution of the risk zones shows that the majority of the studied sections experience strong risks and medium risks levels

The benefic effect of Moroccan oil shale’s ash on blended cement (CMII)

Recycling of Tarfaya’s oil shales (OSA) was conducted for two essential reasons: First, to follow the change of their mineralogical composition with the heat treatment and second to investigate the possibility of their use in building materials. The mineral compositions and the mineralogical transformations of the oil shale during their thermal treatment were followed respectively by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The XRF showed that the mineral composition of the ash burned at 850°C is similar to that of Portland clinker and the DRX showed the presence of quartz, mayenite, gehlenite, anydrite, hematite and lime as well as the existence of some characteristics phases of the clinker as C2S, C3A and C4AF. The Infrared spectrum showed the various functional groups that exist in OSA. The substitution of cement CMII by OSA increased the content of free lime and Blaine specific surface. The ash influenced beneficially the mechanical strength of the blended cement. The best results were obtained at all times of curing (2, 7, 28 and 91 Days) for the substitution of CMII by 7 and 10 % of OSA

Theoretical Analysis of the Mechanism of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Benzodiazepine with N-Aryl-C-ethoxycarbonylnitrilimine

In this work, the mechanism and regio- and no-periselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 2,4-dimethyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine with N-aryl-C-ethoxycarbonylnitrilimine have been studied using the DFT method at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. IRC calculations and activation energies show that this reaction follows an asynchronous concerted mechanism. The two C=N sites of 2,4-dimethyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine are easily reached by the dipole, and the energy barrier between the reagents and the transition states is too weak. The secondary barriers are traversed by the heat released in the reaction medium after the crossing of the first TS, which facilitates the addition reaction and does not require high energy. The obtained results of this study are in good agreement with experimental outcomes

The benefic effect of Moroccan oil shale’s ash on blended cement (CMII)

Recycling of Tarfaya’s oil shales (OSA) was conducted for two essential reasons: First, to follow the change of their mineralogical composition with the heat treatment and second to investigate the possibility of their use in building materials. The mineral compositions and the mineralogical transformations of the oil shale during their thermal treatment were followed respectively by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The XRF showed that the mineral composition of the ash burned at 850°C is similar to that of Portland clinker and the DRX showed the presence of quartz, mayenite, gehlenite, anydrite, hematite and lime as well as the existence of some characteristics phases of the clinker as C2S, C3A and C4AF. The Infrared spectrum showed the various functional groups that exist in OSA. The substitution of cement CMII by OSA increased the content of free lime and Blaine specific surface. The ash influenced beneficially the mechanical strength of the blended cement. The best results were obtained at all times of curing (2, 7, 28 and 91 Days) for the substitution of CMII by 7 and 10 % of OSA

Structural Characterization of Electrodeposited Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide thin Films on Stainless Steel and on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)

Nanostructured TiO2 thin films are fabricated directly by an anodic electrodeposition using an aqueous TiCl3 solution. TiO2 thin films were deposited on stainless steel (SS) and indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. As deposited, all TiO2 films were amorphous. For TiO2/stainless annealed at 350 °C, XRD patterns show both anatase and rutile phases. While, only anatase phase subsists for annealing temperature at 450 °C and 500 °C. The calculated grain sizes are around 20 nm. By AFM analysis, surface root mean square (rms) roughness obtained for TiO2 /Steel is around 56 nm and decrease with annealing to 30 nm. For TiO2 thin films deposited on ITO and annealed at 350, 450, and 500 °C, only orthorhombic single phase is observed with grains size of about 25 nm. The rms of as- deposited TiO2/ITO around 60 nm decrease with annealing to 40 nm confirming that annealing process improves the roughness of the as deposited samples