122 research outputs found
Le road movie interculturel comme voyage mystique : Le voyage de Fernando Solanas
Le voyage de Fernando Solanas est un road movie interculturel oscillant entre deux tendances opposĂ©es : souligner la diversitĂ© et la multiplicitĂ© irrĂ©ductibles, et penser lâultime unitĂ© au sein dâune mĂȘme culture. Les images montrent lâextrĂȘme diversitĂ© gĂ©ographique, ethnique, sociale et culturelle de lâAmĂ©rique latine, Ă travers le voyage du jeune Martin qui parcourt le continent sud-amĂ©ricain Ă la recherche de son pĂšre. La transparence du montage participe dâune utopie de lâhomogĂ©nĂ©itĂ©, renforcĂ©e au niveau narratif par lâunicitĂ© du thĂšme de la quĂȘte du pĂšre. Cependant, lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des espaces filmiques et la narration Ă©pisodique introduisent tension et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© au sein du film. Ainsi, Le voyage rĂ©unit deux tendances majeures du genre road movie : la construction dâune utopie de lâunitĂ© nationale, grĂące Ă la mystique de la nation imaginĂ©e, et la production dâune dystopie critique, soulignant les tensions, diversitĂ©s et discontinuitĂ©s.Fernando Solanasâs The Journey is an intercultural road movie, oscillating between two opposite trends: underlining diversity and multiplicity; and thinking the ultimate unity within the same culture. The images show the extreme geographic, ethnic, social and cultural diversity of Latin America, through the travels of young Martin who is searching for his father across the South American continent. The transparency of editing proceeds from a utopian homogeneity, reinforced on the narration level by the unifying theme of the search for the father. Yet, the heterogeneity of cinematic spaces and the episodic narration introduce tension and heterogeneity in the film. Thus The Journey combines two major trends in the road movie genre: the construction of a utopia of national unity, thanks to the mystique of the imagined nation, and the production of a critical dystopia, underlining tensions, diversities and discontinuities
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The Sobky Recipe and the Struggle over "the Popular" in Egypt
In Ramadan 2013, the young anchor and comedian Akram Hosny hosted a satirical television show called Wasim Hudhud on the Egyptian satellite channel Dream 2. The thirty-episode series had an original premise: in 2053, a sixty-two-year-old historian named Wasim Hudhud narrates a program that describes the state of Egypt in 2013 to the young generation. The episodes covered a wide range of themes, including education, religion, sports, domestic politics, and international relations. Part of the showâs comedic effect came from imagining what would have happened if the Muslim Brotherhood had remained in power until 2053. The show was filmed prior to the 4 July 2013 military coup, in which the minister of defense, Gen. âAbd al-Fattah al-Sisi, deposed the Brotherhood-affiliated president Muhammad Mursi after a wave of protests. There was no end in sight to the Mursi presidency at the time of filming, and the show imagines that the countryâs plight would worsen dramatically over time. Exemplifying this satirical decline, the twenty-fifth episode began with a monologue explaining that the entertainment venue known as a âSobkyâ was once called a movie theater, suggesting that all theaters were, unfortunately, showcasing Sobky movies by 2053
Les exilĂ©s dans lâAmĂ©rique cinĂ©matographique : IntermĂ©dialitĂ© et mĂ©moire dans America America de Kazan
La mĂ©moire nâest pas une reconstitution de lâexpĂ©rience, mais une production. LâexpĂ©rience de lâimmigration des Grecs anatoliens vers lâAmĂ©rique, telle que racontĂ©e par Elia Kazan dans America America, procĂšde de ce principe. Le film se prĂ©sente comme un tĂ©moignage sur la souffrance dâun peuple victime dâun autre, mais dit en silence autre chose que ce quâil dit, selon la formule de Foucault. Sur le point dâarriver en AmĂ©rique, le hĂ©ros grec exĂ©cute une danse turque, remettant en cause la dichotomie des altĂ©ritĂ©s. Cette sĂ©quence produit une mĂ©moire de la rĂ©conciliation, plutĂŽt quâune vision Ă©troite dĂ©signant des victimes et des bourreaux.Memory is not the reconstruction of past experiences, but a production. The experience of the Anatolian Greeks immigrating to America, as told by Elia Kazan in America America, follows this principle. The film presents itself as a testimony about the suffering of one people victimised by another. However, the filmâto use a Foucauldian formulationâexpresses in its silences something other than what is said. About to arrive in America, the Greek hero performs a Turkish dance, therefore destabilising the dichotomy of alterity. This sequence creates a memory of reconciliation rather than the limited representation of victims and their persecutors
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State Control over Film Production in Egypt
Scholars of media in the Middle East have tended to discuss state control over media production both as a formal and as an informal process. Formally, political and legal arrangements repress subversive narratives; informally, media producers are said to operate in a social and institutional environment where non-mainstream narratives are made unthinkable, leading to a form of self-censorship. This language of formality and informality is useful to describe the Egyptian stateâs hold over film production, but it assumes a) that the source of control is some centralized agency and b) that the sphere beyond formal and informal state control is one of âfreedom.â State control, however, is distributed over a number of institutions that cannot all be claimed to act at the behest of a central authority. Moreover, film production is always constrained by the kinds of factors designated by the label of âinformal control.â Indeed, constraints over media content do not necessarily have to do with state intervention: they can arise by other meansâe.g., when citizens interfere with film sets.Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Doctoral Award
School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography (SAME) Grant, University of Oxfor
Un cinéma soufi? Islam, ombres, modernité
Dans sa PoĂ©tique du cinĂ©ma, Raoul Ruiz cite l'Ă©mir Abdel Kader, qui utilise la figure de l'appareil photographique comme allĂ©gorie du rapport entre Dieu et les crĂ©atures : Dieu est invisible, mais la reproduction de ce nĂ©gatif initial qu'est son image constitue les crĂ©atures et le papier des photos reproduites (Materia prima) correspond Ă la disponibilitĂ© du possible. Selon ses propres termes, Raoul Ruiz fait une lecture oblique d'Abdel Kader : en partant d'une perspective nĂ©oplatonicienne, il confine les rĂ©flexions de l'Ă©mir au statut des ombres projetĂ©es sur l'image (de Dieu) dans leur rapport avec la rĂ©alitĂ©. Ma lecture, peut-ĂȘtre oblique elle aussi, prĂ©tend jeter les bases d'une thĂ©orie fondĂ©e sur la dimension politique du soufisme et la conception soufie des ombres chinoises, qui pourrait expliquer le statut du cinĂ©ma et son rapport intrinsĂšque avec le mĂ©lodrame dans les pays de culture islamique.In his PoĂ©tique du cinĂ©ma, Raul Ruiz quotes the emir Abdel Kader, who uses the figure of the camera as an allegory of the relationship between God and the creatures. God is invisible, yet the reproduction of this initial negative which his image is constitutes the creatures, while the paper of the reproduced pictures (Materia Prima) corresponds to the availability of the possible. In his own words, Ruiz reads Abdel Kader obliquely : starting from a neo-platonician perspective, he confines the emir's thoughts to the status of the shadows cast on the image (of God) in their relationship with reality. My reading, may be oblique as well, aims to lay the bases of a theory founded on the political dimension of Sufism and the Sufi conception underlying shadowshows, which would account for the status of cinema and its intrinsic relationship with melodrama in Islamic countries
Ătude dâimpact : analyse des donnĂ©es de frĂ©quence alimentaire, dâactivitĂ© physique et dâimage corporelle chez des enfants dâĂąge scolaire au Burkina Faso
Une Ă©tude menĂ©e en 2009 et en 2014 Ă Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso a Ă©valuĂ© les comportements dâenfants dâĂąge scolaire. Le but de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait dâĂ©valuer lâimpact dâune intervention dans des Ă©coles sur les habitudes alimentaires, lâactivitĂ© physique pratiquĂ©e et les attitudes et perceptions par rapport Ă lâimage corporelle. Lâintervention nutritionnelle, appelĂ©e « lâInitiative des Ăcoles Amies de la Nutrition » (IEAN) initiĂ©e par lâOrganisation Mondiale de la SantĂ© en 2006 pour prĂ©venir le double fardeau nutritionnel, a Ă©tĂ© lancĂ©e dans six Ă©coles « intervention » Ă Ouagadougou.
Une Ă©tude de base en 2009 a recueilli des donnĂ©es alimentaires et sociodĂ©mographiques dans les six Ă©coles « intervention » ainsi que dans six Ă©coles « tĂ©moin » comparables du point de vue socioĂ©conomique (privĂ©e/publique) et gĂ©ographique (urbain/pĂ©riurbain) avant lâinitiation de lâIEAN. Pour cette Ă©tude, 799 Ă©lĂšves de cinquiĂšme annĂ©e du primaire ont complĂ©tĂ© un questionnaire sur la frĂ©quence de consommation dâaliments « sains » (fruits, lĂ©gumes, viande, poisson, lĂ©gumineuses) et « superflus » (gĂąteaux, biscuits, bonbons, glaces, soda), sur les dĂ©terminants du comportement alimentaire, sur la perception de leur image corporelle, et sur lâactivitĂ© physique pratiquĂ©e. Des donnĂ©es similaires ont Ă©tĂ© recueillies en 2014, cinq ans aprĂšs lâinitiation de lâIEAN, auprĂšs de 709 Ă©coliers (54,3% de filles) dans les 12 mĂȘmes Ă©coles.
LâĂąge moyen des Ă©coliers Ă©tait de 11,6 1,3 ans. Les analyses ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un effet de lâintervention sur la consommation dâaliments « sains » mais pas pour les aliments « superflus ». Dans les Ă©coles « intervention », les Ă©coliers consommaient plus frĂ©quemment des aliments « sains » par rapport aux Ă©coles « tĂ©moin ». Les Ă©coliers ayant participĂ© Ă lâIEAN montraient une plus grande satisfaction par rapport Ă leur image corporelle en 2014 quâen 2009 (p=0,030), comparativement aux Ă©lĂšves des Ă©coles « tĂ©moin » (p=0,974). Entre 2009 et 2014, la pratique de sport a augmentĂ© dans les deux groupes dâĂ©coles, avec une frĂ©quence de pratique plus Ă©levĂ©e dans les Ă©coles « intervention » que dans les Ă©coles « tĂ©moin ». Cependant, la pratique de sport Ă©tait dĂ©jĂ plus Ă©levĂ©e dans les Ă©coles « intervention » en 2009, avant la mise en place de lâIEAN. Dans les Ă©coles « intervention », il y a eu une diminution de lâutilisation du transport actif et une tendance plus Ă©levĂ©e Ă regarder la tĂ©lĂ©vision et Ă jouer Ă lâordinateur pendant la semaine, comparativement aux Ă©coles « tĂ©moin ».
Cette Ă©tude a relevĂ© des amĂ©liorations au niveau de lâalimentation, de la pratique de sports et de la satisfaction par rapport Ă lâimage corporelle chez les Ă©coliers. Cependant, les rĂ©sultats montraient Ă©galement une augmentation de la sĂ©dentaritĂ© chez les Ă©lĂšves. Suite Ă cinq ans dâactivitĂ© de lâIEAN, il est difficile dâĂ©tablir des liens de causalitĂ© entre lâintervention et les changements dans le comportement alimentaire et le mode de vie des Ă©lĂšves. Ainsi, des Ă©tudes longitudinales futures en milieu scolaire seraient nĂ©cessaires pour Ă©valuer lâimpact de lâIEAN sur le comportement des Ă©lĂšves.
Mots-clĂ©s : Consommation alimentaire, perception de lâimage corporelle, activitĂ© physique, sĂ©dentaritĂ©, impact, intervention, enfants dâĂąge scolaire, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Afrique.A study conducted in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in 2009 and 2014 assessed the behavior of school-aged children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an intervention in schools on dietary habits, physical activity, and attitudes and perceptions towards body image. The nutritional intervention, called the âNutrition-Friendly Schools Initiativeâ (NFSI) initiated by the World Health Organization in 2006 to prevent the double nutritional burden, was launched in six intervention schools in Ouagadougou.
A baseline study in 2009 collected dietary and socio-demographic data from the six intervention schools as well as from six control schools that were comparable in terms of socioeconomic status (private/public) and geographic location (urban/peri-urban), prior to the initiation of the NFSI. Grade 5 students completed a questionnaire on the frequency of consumption of "healthy" foods (fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, legumes) and "superfluous" foods (cakes, biscuits, sweets, ice cream, soda), determinants of eating behavior, body image perception, and physical activity. Similar data were collected in 2014, five years after the initiation of NFSI, among 709 schoolchildren (54,3% girls) in the same 12 schools.
The average age of the schoolchildren was 11,6 1,3 years. The analyses revealed an effect of the intervention on the consumption of "healthy" foods but not of "superfluous" foods. In intervention schools, schoolchildren ate "healthy" foods more frequently than in control schools. Schoolchildren who participated in the NFSI showed greater satisfaction with their body image in 2014 than in 2009 (p = 0.030), compared with students in control schools (p = 0.974). Between 2009 and 2014, sports practice increased in both groups of schools, with a higher frequency of practice in intervention schools than in control schools. However, the practice of sport was already higher in intervention schools in 2009, before the establishment of the NFSI. In intervention schools, there was a decrease in the use of active transportation and a higher tendency to watch television and use the computer during the week compared to control schools.
This study found improvements in diet, sport practice and satisfaction with body image in schoolchildren. However, the results also showed an increase in sedentary behavior among students. After five years of NFSI activity, it is difficult to establish causal links between the intervention and changes in studentsâ eating behavior and lifestyle. Thus, future longitudinal school-based studies would be required to assess the impact of the NFSI on student behavior.
Keywords: Food consumption, body image perception, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, impact, intervention, school age children, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Africa
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