Dynamic processes and kinetic theory of plasma fluctuations: ARCS3

Dynamic processes on the ARCS3 flight involve six related coordinate systems: Rocket System, Local Geographic System, Local Geomagnetic System, Global Geographic System, Wave Vector System and Artificial Argon Beam System. The present thesis has found the relationships needed to carry out coordinate transformations between all these six coordinate systems. These coordinate transformations are used to investigate ion trajectories and the directional response of the detector OCTO4. A technique to calculate the 3-component acceleration of the main payload was completed, and the trajectory of the main payload relative to the sub payload was given. A method to use the measured spin plane component of the electric field to construct the full 3 dimensional electric field vector in the Local Geomagnetic System has been provided. A model to simulate the artificial argon beam distribution is proposed, and used to calculate the beam\u27s flux, density and evolution. Several kinds of plasma waves were observed by the University of Minnesota ACE detector. To explain the wave observations, a kinetic theory of plasma fluctuations was developed. This theory includes magnetized plasma species with or without parallel streaming. It is also valid for plasma including an unmagnetized two temperature plasma species that is streaming in any direction. As an application of the theory, the thermal fluctuations of the O\sp+ acoustic wave mode was calculated and compared with observations. The O\sp+-He\sp+ bihybrid mode is also evaluated and compared with the observed wave spectra

Validity and applicability of the global leadership initiative on malnutrition criteria in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease

IntroductionThere are no standardized assessment criteria for selecting nutritional risk screening tools or indicators to assess reduced muscle mass (RMM) in the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. We aimed to compare the consistency of different GLIM criteria with Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and protein-energy wasting (PEW).MethodsIn this study, nutritional risk screening 2002 first four questions (NRS-2002-4Q), Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), and Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF) tools were used as the first step of nutritional risk screening for the GLIM. The RMM is expressed using different metrics. The SGA and PEW were used to diagnose patients and classify them as malnourished and non-malnourished. Kappa (κ) tests were used to compare the concordance between the SGA, PEW, and GLIM of each combination of screening tools.ResultsA total of 157 patients were included. Patients with Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 1–3 accounted for a large proportion (79.0%). The prevalence rates of malnutrition diagnosed using the SGA and PEW were 18.5% and 19.7%, respectively. The prevalence of GLIM-diagnosed malnutrition ranges from 5.1% to 37.6%, depending on the different screening methods for nutritional risk and the different indicators denoting RMM. The SGA was moderately consistent with the PEW (κ = 0.423, p < 0.001). The consistency among the GLIM, SGA, and PEW was generally low. Using the NRS-2002-4Q to screen for nutritional risk, GLIM had the best agreement with SGA and PEW when skeletal muscle index (SMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and hand grip strength (HGS) indicated a reduction in muscle mass (SGA: κ = 0.464, 95% CI 0.28–0.65; PEW: κ = 0.306, 95% CI 0.12–0.49).ConclusionThe concordance between the GLIM criteria and the SGA and PEW depended on the screening tool used in the GLIM process. The inclusion of RMM in the GLIM framework is important. The addition of HGS could further improve the performance of the GLIM standard compared to the use of body composition measurements

The ALMA Survey of Star Formation and Evolution in Massive Protoclusters with Blue Profiles (ASSEMBLE): Core Growth, Cluster Contraction, and Primordial Mass Segregation

The ALMA Survey of Star Formation and Evolution in Massive Protoclusters with Blue Profiles (ASSEMBLE) aims to investigate the process of mass assembly and its connection to high-mass star formation theories in protoclusters in a dynamic view. We observed 11 massive (Mclump>1000 Msun), luminous (Lbol>10,000 Lsun), and blue-profile (infall signature) clumps by ALMA with resolution of 2200-5500 au at 350 GHz (870 um) in continuum and line emission. 248 dense cores were identified, including 106 cores showing protostellar signatures and 142 prestellar core candidates. Compared to early-stage infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) by ASHES, the core mass and surface density within the ASSEMBLE clumps exhibited significant increment, suggesting concurrent core accretion during the evolution of the clumps. The maximum mass of prestellar cores was found to be 2 times larger than that in IRDCs, indicating evolved protoclusters have the potential to harbor massive prestellar cores. The mass relation between clumps and their most massive core (MMCs) is observed in ASSEMBLE but not in IRDCs, which is suggested to be regulated by multiscale mass accretion. The mass correlation between the core clusters and their MMCs has a steeper slope compared to that observed in stellar clusters, which can be due to fragmentation of the MMC and stellar multiplicity. We observe a decrease in core separation and an increase in central concentration as protoclusters evolve. We confirm primordial mass segregation in the ASSEMBLE protoclusters, possibly resulting from gravitational concentration and/or gas accretion.Comment: 37 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables; accepted for publication in ApJ

Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) are important representatives of the heterogeneous group of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The diagnosis of MF/SS is based on the clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings, flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement, as well as other genetic analysis. The treatments for MF/SS are always stage-oriented and are classified into topical (skin-directed) and systemic therapies. Chinese and international experts in this field have updated recommendations and guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of MF/SS. There are tremendous evolvements in the diagnosis of MF/SS, including molecular diagnostic methods, molecular biomarkers, dermoscopic imaging and artificial intelligence. Novel disease-specific targeted therapy, biologic therapy and immunomodulatory drugs have emerged. This review summarizes advances in the diagnosis and treatments of MF/SS, which may provide a reference for clinical practice and future research

A theory for the formation of weak double layer

Solitary electrostatic waves with ion acoustic speed were frequently observed by satellites in the auroral acceleration region. In this paper, the nonlinear ion acoustic waves are studied in the plasma which is composed of warm electrons with the Boltzman distribution and cold ions of equal density. The characteristics of solitary-like structure in the ion acoustic frequency range are derived with the methods of reductive perturbation and phase plane analysis. The results show that nonlinear ion acoustic waves may develop to a symmetric solitary structure which is compressive and no net potential drop when dissipation does not exist, and in the case with dissipation it may evolve to compressive solitary-like structure with asymmetric shape, produce net potential drop and form weak double layer. The above theoretical results are consistent with observations