Apollo experience report: The role of flight mission rules in mission preparation and conduct

The development of flight mission rules from the mission development phase through the detailed mission-planning phase and through the testing and training phase is analyzed. The procedure for review of the rules and the coordination requirements for mission-rule development are presented. The application of the rules to real-time decision making is outlined, and consideration is given to the benefit of training ground controllers and flightcrews in the methods of determining the best response to a nonnominal in-flight situation for which no action has been preplanned. The Flight Mission Rules document is discussed in terms of the purpose and objective thereof and in terms of the definition, the development, and the use of mission rules

EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN TRIASSIC DICYNODONTIA

Triassic Dicynodontia differ from most of their Permian ancestors in a number of specialisations that reach extremes in the Upper Triassic. These are ( 1) increase in total body size, (2) increase in the relative length of the snout and secondary palate by backward growth of the premaxilla, (3) reduction in the length of the fenestra medio-palatinalis combined with posterior migration out of the choanal depression, (4) shortening and dorsal expansion of the intertemporal region, (5 ) fusion of elements in the front part of the brain-case, (6) posterior migration of the reflected lamina of the mandible, (7) disappearance of the quadrate foramen and the development of a process of the quadrate that extends along the quadrate ramus of the pterygoid. It is thought that the occurrence of the last feature in Dinodontosaurus platygnathw Cox and Jacheleria colorata Bonaparte warrants the transfer of the species platygnathus to the genus Jacheleria and the erection of a new subfamily, Jachelerinae nov. It is concluded that the specialisations of the Triassic forms can be attributed to adaptation to a Dicroidium-dominated flora

A NEW TRIASSIC VERTEBRATE FAUNA FROM SOUTH WEST AFRICA

A new fauna of mammal-like reptiles is described from a continental sequence of sediments in South West Africa hitherto known as the Etjo Beds. These include representatives of the Anomodontia (two new forms and one known from the Karroo basin), Bauriamorpha, (one specimen comparable with a known form), Cynodontia (one new form and two known from the Karroo basin) and one small eriopoid amphibian. On the basis of this faunal assemblage it can be shown that there is a disconformity between the upper Plateau Sandstone Formation containing traces of Dinosaurs of possible Carnian-Norian age and a lower Omingonde Mudstone Formation with this new fauna, of essentially Upper Beaufort (Scythian/Anisian) age. The two formations are distinguished on lithological grounds. The Triassic sequence in the neighbouring Doros area is thought to be equivalent to the Plateau Sandstone Formation

The palaeontology of Haasgat a preliminary account

Haasgat is a cave on the steep western slope of the upper reach of the Witwatersrand Spruit, on the farm Leeuwenkloof 480 lQ, in the Brits District. It was heavily mined for flowstone (calcite). The cave contains a deposit offossiliferous cave silt and breccia that was partially removed by the miners and dumped on the steep slopes of the valley. The original entrance was probably a shallow inclined pit, leading into an upper chamber and then into the preserved depository. Both porcupines and carnivores served as accumulating agents for the bones. Fossils of the primates Parapapio and Cercopifhecoides, hyaena (Chasmaporthetes), fox, porcupines, several species of bovids and two species of Hyrax have been recovered. An insufficient number of fossils have been prepared to determine the age of the deposit with certainty. The deposit was provisionally thought to be of Pliocene age because of the occurrence of Parapapio. At this stage it would be unwise to correlate this occurrence with any other caves in this age range. It is concluded that the cave silts were deposited by flash floods, under a wetter climatic regime than that of the present

A RE-EVALUATION OF THE GENUS TROPIDOSTOMA SEELEY

The type specimens of Cteniosaurus platyceps Broom, Dicynodon acutirostris Broom, and Dicynodon validus Broom were re-examined and were found to be very similar in a number of features rarely encountered in other Anomodontia. The skull of the type of Cteniosaurus platyceps is described in some detail. It is concluded that the above species must be considered to be junior synonyms of Tropidostoma microtrema (Seeley)

A RE-EVALUATION OF THE SYSTEMATICS AND MORPHOLOGY OF CERTAIN ANOMODONT THERAPSIDA

The cranial morphology of a number of specimens assigned to the genera Oudenodon, Rhachiocephalus, Aulacephalodon and Pelanomodon was investigated (Keyser, 1969). It was found that the internal morphology and the general structure of the skulls show great agreement. Many of the differences between the genera can be associated with the size of the skull. The main differences between the genera lie in the specialisation of the biting mechanism and in the relative size and shape of the nasal and prefrontal bosses. It is suggested that the genera Oudenodon and Rhachio cephalus bit off their food with the sides of the horn-covered jaws while the broadnosed genera Aulacephalodon and Pelanomodon bit with the transverse anterior tips of the jaws. This difference in the morphology of the jaws is probably indicative of a fundamental dichotomy between the two groups of genera. A similar dichotomy has been suggested for Triassic dicynodonts by Cox (1965)

Copyright For The Rest Of Us: A guide for people who aren\u27t lawyers

For those who want to teach or learn more about American copyright law, Copyright For The Rest Of Us is the book to use. Eleven chapters, with illustrations, outline concepts such as basic copyright law, where to find it, and how to apply copyright law in many common situations. Each chapter includes a set of scenarios or discussion questions for use on your own or in class

Improved VAS regression soundings of mesoscale temperature structure observed during the 1982 atmospheric variability experiment

An Atmospheric Variability Experiment (AVE) was conducted over the central U.S. in the spring of 1982, collecting radiosonde date to verify mesoscale soundings from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) on the GOES satellite. Previously published VAS/AVE comparisons for the 6 March 1982 case found that the satellite retrievals scarcely detected a low level temperature inversion or a mid-tropospheric cold pool over a special mesoscale radiosonde verification network in north central Texas. The previously published regression and physical retrieval algorithms did not fully utilize VAS' sensitivity to important subsynoptic thermal features. Therefore, the 6 March 1982 case was reprocessed adding two enhancements to the VAS regression retrieval algorithm: (1) the regression matrix was determined using AVE profile data obtained in the region at asynoptic times, and (2) more optimistic signal-to-noise statistical conditioning factors were applied to the VAS temperature sounding channels. The new VAS soundings resolve more of the low level temperature inversion and mid-level cold pool. Most of the improvements stems from the utilization of asynoptic radiosonde observations at NWS sites. This case suggests that VAS regression soundings may require a ground-based asynoptic profiler network to bridge the gap between the synoptic radiosonde network and the high resolution geosynchronous satellite observations during the day