Effektivität und histologische Auswertung von Gewebeproben nach Bearbeitung mit einem 445nm Halbleiterlaser

Bei Gewebeinzisionen mit einem 445nm Halbleiterlaser wird eine effektive Schnittführung mit räumlich begrenzter Hitzewirkung beschrieben. Daher war das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie die histologische Beurteilung von Gewebeproben nach Inzision mit einem 445nm Diodenlaser. Vierzig Mukosalappen aus dem Vestibulum von zwanzig Schweinekiefern wurden präpariert, die anschließend auf den Träger einer mechanischen Lineareinheit gespannt wurden. Das Handstück eines HF-Chirurgie-Geräts, 970nm- und 445nm Halbleiterlasers wurde auf dem Verfahrschlitten der Lineareinheit befestigt, so dass alle Gewebeinzisionen mit gleicher Geschwindigkeit und im gleichen Abstand von der Gewebeoberfläche durchgeführt werden konnten. Auf den jeweils zwei Mukosalappen eines Kiefers wurden acht Inzisionen durchgeführt: (I-III): 445nm Laser ohne konditionierte Spitze, 90°, mit Gewebekontakt bei 1, 2 und 4W, (IV-V): 445nm Laser ohne konditionierte Spitze, 90°, ohne Kontakt (1mm) zum Gewebe bei 2 und 4W cw, (VI): 445nm Laser ohne konditionierte Spitze, 45°, mit Kontakt zum Gewebe bei 2W cw, (VII): 970nm Laser mit konditionierter Spitze, 90°, mit Gewebekontakt bei 3W cw, (VIII): HF-Chirurgie-Gerät mit gerader Spitze, 90°, mit Gewebekontakt bei 50W. Die histologische Auswertung erfolgte nach H.E.-Färbung der eingebetteten Präparate bei 35-facher Vergrößerung. Der Vergleich der Inzisionstiefen zeigte einen signifikanten Unterschied in Abhängigkeit von der Laserwellenlänge und den gewählten Laserparametern. Dabei konnte die größte Inzisionstiefe mit dem 445nm Laser im direkten Gewebekontakt mit einer Leistungseinstellung von 2W erreicht werden (p<0,05). Die geringste Inzisionstiefe wurde nach Verwendung des HF-Chirurgie-Geräts gemessen. Bei Verwendung eines 445nm Halbleiterlasers kann im Vergleich zu einem 970nm Diodenlaser und einem Elektrotom mit einer höheren Schneideffizienz gerechnet werden. Auch eine Anwendung im Nicht-Kontakt-Modus zeigt klinisch akzeptable Inzisionstiefen ohne Anzeichen ausgedehnter Nekrosezonen

Allergen-specific immunotherapy provides immediate, long-term and preventive clinical effects in children and adults: the effects of immunotherapy can be categorised by level of benefit -the centenary of allergen specific subcutaneous immunotherapy

Allergen Specific Immunotherapy (SIT) for respiratory allergic diseases is able to significantly improve symptoms as well as reduce the need for symptomatic medication, but SIT also has the capacity for long-term clinical effects and plays a protective role against the development of further allergies and symptoms. The treatment acts on basic immunological mechanisms, and has the potential to change the pathological allergic immune response. In this paper we discuss some of the most important achievements in the documentation of the benefits of immunotherapy, over the last 2 decades, which have marked a period of extensive research on the clinical effects and immunological background of the mechanisms involved. The outcome of immunotherapy is described as different levels of benefit from early reduction in symptoms over progressive clinical effects during treatment to long-term effects after discontinuation of the treatment and prevention of asthma. The efficacy of SIT increases the longer it is continued and immunological changes lead to potential long-term benefits. SIT alone and not the symptomatic treatment nor other avoidance measures has so far been documented as the therapy with long-term or preventive potential. The allergic condition is driven by a subset of T-helper lymphocytes (Th2), which are characterised by the production of cytokines like IL-4, and IL-5. Immunological changes following SIT lead to potential curative effects. One mechanism whereby immunotherapy suppresses the allergic response is through increased production of IgG4 antibodies. Induction of specific IgG4 is able to influence the allergic response in different ways and is related to immunological effector mechanisms, also responsible for the reduced late phase hyperreactivity and ongoing allergic inflammation. SIT is the only treatment which interferes with the basic pathophysiological mechanisms of the allergic disease, thereby creating the potential for changes in the long-term prognosis of respiratory allergy. SIT should not only be recognised as first-line therapeutic treatment for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis but also as secondary preventive treatment for respiratory allergic diseases

Theoretical Foundations of 3D-Metaphors

Introduction A 3D-metaphor explains the handling of a 3Doperation with a two dimensional input device. It consists of two parts: the metaphorical concept [8] that describes the structural mapping from the user&apos;s mental model into the human-computer interface, and the implementation that maps interface events into the three-dimensional mathematical model of the application. To facilitate establishing a mental model, the metaphorical concept relates to prior user experiences with three dimensions. Important examples of 3D-metaphors can be found in [1, 3, 12]. Even more are reported in [2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15]. 2 Why are 3D-metaphors important? Current developments emphasize new input devices with higher degrees of freedom for interaction with three-dimensional graphics application. Nonetheless, two-dimensional devices like mice or digitizers in pen computers still possess several advantages: ffl&lt;F26.0

motionEAP: An Overview of 4 Years of Combining Industrial Assembly with Augmented Reality for Industry 4.0

With our society moving towards Industry 4.0, an increasing number of tasks and procedures in manual workplaces are augmented with a digital component. While the research area of Internet-of-Things focuses on combining physical objects with their digital counterpart, the question arises how the interface to human workers should be designed in such Industry 4.0 environments. The project motionEAP focuses on using Augmented Reality for creating an interface between workers and digital products in interactive workplace scenarios. In this paper, we summarize the work that has been done in the motionEAP project over the run-time of 4 years. Further, we provide guidelines for creating interactive workplaces using Augmented Reality, based on the experience we gained

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Catalytic Behavior of Homo- and Heteronuclear Coordination Polymers [M(tdc)(bpy)] (M2+ = Fe2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+; tdc2– = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate)

A series of isostructural 3D coordination polymers (3)∞[M(tdc)(bpy)] (M(2+) = Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), Fe(2+); tdc(2-) = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate; bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and gas adsorption measurements. The materials show high thermal stability up to approximately 400 °C and a solvent induced phase transition. Single crystal X-ray structure determination was successfully performed for all compounds after the phase transition. In the zinc-based coordination polymer, various amounts of a second type of metal ions such as Co(2+) or Fe(2+) could be incorporated. Furthermore, the catalytic behavior of the homo- and heteronuclear 3D coordination polymers in an oxidation model reaction was investigated