12 research outputs found

    Proximity Induced Superconductivity in CdTe-HgTe Core-Shell Nanowires

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    In this letter we report on proximity superconductivity induced in CdTe-HgTe core-shell nanowires, a quasi-one-dimensional heterostructure of the topological insulator HgTe. We demonstrate a Josephson supercurrent in our nanowires contacted with superconducting Al leads. The observation of a sizable IcRnI_c R_n product, a positive excess current and multiple Andreev reflections up to fourth order further indicate a high interface quality of the junctions.Comment: Accepted for publication in Nano Letter

    HgTe ummantelte CdTe NanodrÀhte: Ein nieder-dimensionaler Topologischer Isolator vom Kristallwachstum zum Quantentransport

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    A novel growth method has been developed, allowing for the growth of strained HgTe shells on CdTe nanowires (NWs). The growth of CdTe-HgTe core-shell NWs required high attention in controlling basic parameters like substrate temperature and the intensity of supplied material fluxes. The difficulties in finding optimized growth conditions have been successfully overcome in this work. We found the lateral redistribution of liquid growth seeds with a ZnTe growth start to be crucial to trigger vertical CdTe NW growth. Single crystalline zinc blende CdTe NWs grew, oriented along [111]B. The substrate temperature was the most critical parameter to achieve straight and long wires. In order to adjust it, the growth was monitored by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, which was used for fine tuning of the temperature over time in each growth run individually. For optimized growth conditions, a periodic diffraction pattern allowed for the detailed analysis of atomic arrangement on the surfaces and in the bulk. The ability to do so reflected the high crystal quality and ensemble uniformity of our CdTe NWs. The NW sides were formed by twelve stable, low-index crystalline facets. We observed two types stepped and polar sides, separated by in total six flat and non-polar facets. The high crystalline quality of the cores allowed to grow epitaxial HgTe shells around. We reported on two different heterostructure geometries. In the first one, the CdTe NWs exhibit a closed HgTe shell, while for the second one, the CdTe NWs are overgrown mainly on one side. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy confirmed, that many of the core-shell NWs are single crystalline zinc blende and have a high uniformity. The symmetry of the zinc blende unit cell was reduced by residual lattice strain. We used high-resolution X-ray diffraction to reveal the strain level caused by the small lattice mismatch in the heterostructures. Shear strain has been induced by the stepped hetero-interface, thereby stretching the lattice of the HgTe shell by 0.06 % along a direction oriented with an angle of 35 ° to the interface. The different heterostructures obtained, were the base for further investigation of quasi-one-dimensional crystallites of HgTe. We therefore developed methods to reliably manipulate, align, localize and contact individual NWs, in order to characterize the charge transport in our samples. Bare CdTe cores were insulating, while the HgTe shells were conducting. At low temperature we found the mean free path of charge carriers to be smaller, but the phase coherence length to be larger than the sample size of several hundred nanometers. We observed universal conductance fluctuations and therefore drew the conclusion, that the trajectories of charge carriers are defined by elastic backscattering at randomly distributed scattering sites. When contacted with superconducting leads, we saw induced superconductivity, multiple Andreev reflections and the associated excess current. Thus, we achieved HgTe/superconductor interfaces with high interfacial transparency. In addition, we reported on the appearance of peaks in differential resistance at Delta/e for HgTe-NW/superconductor and 2*Delta/e for superconductor/HgTe-NW/superconductor junctions, which is possibly related to unconventional pairing at the HgTe/superconductor interface. We noticed that the great advantage of our self-organized growth is the possibility to employ the metallic droplet, formerly seeding the NW growth, as a superconducting contact. The insulating wire cores with a metallic droplet at the tip have been overgrown with HgTe in a fully in-situ process. A very high interface quality was achieved in this case.Topologische Isolatoren (TI) sind ein faszinierendes Forschungsfeld der Festkörperphysik. Im Inneren sind diese Materialien isolierend, am Rand zeigen sich jedoch topologisch geschĂŒtzte, leitfĂ€hige OberflĂ€chen-ZustĂ€nde. Ihre lineare Energiedispersion und die Kopplung des Elektronenspins an die Bewegungsrichtung ermöglichen die Untersuchung von Teilchen, die sich als Dirac-Fermionen beschreiben lassen. FĂŒr NanodrĂ€hte, als Vertreter mesoskopischer Strukturen, spielen die Eigenschaften der OberflĂ€che eine grĂ¶ĂŸere Rolle, als fĂŒr Strukturen mit makroskopischem Volumen. Ihr geringer Umfang beschrĂ€nkt durch zusĂ€tzliche periodische Randbedingungen die erlaubten elektronischen ZustĂ€nde. Durch ein externes Magnetfeld lassen sich TI-NanodrĂ€hte vom trivialen in den helikalen Zustand ĂŒberfĂŒhren. Bringt man einen solchen Draht in direkten Kontakt mit einem Supraleiter, so werden Quasiteilchen vorhergesagt, die sich wie Majorana-Fermionen verhalten sollen. Zur Untersuchung dieser PhĂ€nomene sind zunĂ€chst entscheidende technologische HĂŒrden zu ĂŒberwinden. Verschiedene TI sind derzeit bekannt. HgTe ist einer von ihnen und zeichnet sich bei tiefen Temperaturen durch eine hohe Beweglichkeit der OberflĂ€chen-Elektronen und gleichzeitig einer geringen LeitfĂ€higkeit im Volumen aus. Die bisherigen Untersuchungen in diesem Materialsystem beschrĂ€nken sich auf zwei- und dreidimensionale Strukturen. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von quasi eindimensionalen TI-NanodrĂ€hten entwickelt. Mittels vapor-liquid-solid Methode gewachsene CdTe Nanokristallite werden epitaktisch mit HgTe umwachsen. Die hergestellten Heterostrukturen werden mit Beugungsexperimenten charakterisiert, um den Einfluss der Wachstumsparameter wie Temperatur und Teilchenstrom auf die QualitĂ€t der Proben zu bestimmen und diese zu verbessern. In dieser Arbeit wird zum ersten mal eine Rekonstruktion der OberflĂ€chenatome von NanodrĂ€hten beschrieben. FĂŒr den RĂŒckschluss auf die atomare Konfiguration mittels Elektronenbeugung mĂŒssen die einzelnen Kristallite eine hohe SelbstĂ€hnlichkeit aufweisen. Wie Bilder in atomarer Auflösung und hochaufgelöste Röntgenbeugung zeigen, werden einkristalline und verspannte CdTe-HgTe Strukturen erzeugt. Diese sollten die typischen TI Eigenschaften haben. Zur weiteren Untersuchung wurden Verfahren fĂŒr die Manipulation und exakte Ausrichtung der NanodrĂ€hte, sowie fĂŒr die Kontaktierung mit verschiedenen Metallen entwickelt. Die blanken CdTe Nanodraht-Kerne selbst sind wie erwartet isolierend, mit HgTe umwachsene Proben jedoch leiten einen elektrischen Strom. Die aktuelle Forschung beschĂ€ftigt sich nun intensiv mit dem Transport von Ladungs-trĂ€gern durch diese NanodrĂ€hte. Dazu wird die LeitfĂ€higkeit der Proben unter anderem bei tiefen Temperaturen und in AbhĂ€ngigkeit Ă€ußerer elektrostatischer und magnetischer Felder bestimmt. Es werden verschiedene Effekte beobachtet. Universelle Fluktuationen des gemessenen Widerstandes, als ein Beispiel, resultieren aus einer VerĂ€nderung der geometrischen Phase der LadungstrĂ€ger. Dieser Effekt deutet auf elastische RĂŒckstreuung der LadungstrĂ€ger in den HgTe NanodrĂ€hten hin. Die Beobachtung kohĂ€renter TransportphĂ€nomene erlaubt den RĂŒckschluss, dass inelastische Streuprozesse bei tiefen Temperaturen kaum eine Rolle spielen. FĂŒr DrĂ€hte mit supraleitenden Kontakten können induzierte Supraleitung und multiple Andreev-Reflektionen beobachtet werden. Zusammen mit dem beschriebenen excess current ist dies ein klares Zeichen fĂŒr einen guten elektrischen Kontakt zwischen TI und Supraleiter. ZusĂ€tzlich beobachten wir eine Signatur nahe der Kante der EnergielĂŒcke des Supraleiters, die eventuell durch pairing an der GrenzflĂ€che zu erklĂ€ren ist. FĂŒr die Verbindung von Spin-Bahn-Kopplung des TI und der Cooper-Paare des konventionellen Supraleiters wird die Entstehung eines unkonventionellen Supraleiters vorhergesagt. Dies ist ein weiteres interessantes Feld der modernen Festkörperphysik und Gegenstand aktueller Forschung. Besonders bemerkenswert ist in diesem Zusammenhang, dass der metallische Tropfen, welcher ursprĂŒnglich das Nanodraht-Wachstum katalysiert hat, bei tiefen Temperaturen supraleitend wird. Der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte selbst-organisierte Wachstumsprozess resultiert in einer sauberen GrenzflĂ€che zwischen TI und Supraleiter. Zur Untersuchung der Effekte an dieser GrenzflĂ€che muss nicht zwingend in einem separaten Schritt ein supraleitender Kontakt aufgebracht werden. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Methoden und Erkenntnisse sind die Grundlage fĂŒr die Realisierung von Experimenten, die geeignet wĂ€ren, die erwarteten Majorana-ZustĂ€nde in TI-NanodrĂ€hten nachzuweisen

    Proteomic Analysis of the Venom from the Ruby Ant <i>Myrmica rubra</i> and the Isolation of a Novel Insecticidal Decapeptide

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    Ants are a biodiverse group of insects that have evolved toxic venom containing many undiscovered bioactive molecules. In this study, we found that the venom of the ruby ant Myrmica rubra is a rich source of peptides. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 142 different peptides varying in molecular weight, sequence length, and hydrophobicity. One of the most abundant peaks was selected for further biochemical and functional characterization. Combined Edman degradation and de novo peptide sequencing revealed the presence of a novel decapeptide (myrmicitoxin) with the amino acid sequence NH2-IDPKLLESLA-CONH2. The decapeptide was named U-MYRTX-MRArub1 and verified against a synthetic standard. The amidated peptide was tested in a synthetic form to determine the antimicrobial activity towards the bacterial pathogens and insecticidal potential against pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum). This peptide did not show antimicrobial activity but it significantly reduced the survival of aphids. It also increased the sensitivity of the aphids to two commonly used chemical insecticides (imidacloprid and methomyl). Since ant venom research is still in its infancy, the findings of this first study on venom peptides derived from M. rubra highlight these insects as an important and rich source for discovery of novel lead structures with potential application in pest control

    Proximity-Induced Superconductivity in CdTe-HgTe Core-Shell Nanowires

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    In this Letter we report on proximity superconductivity induced in CdTe–HgTe core–shell nanowires, a quasi-one-dimensional heterostructure of the topological insulator HgTe. We demonstrate a Josephson supercurrent in our nanowires contacted with superconducting Al leads. The observation of a sizable IcRn product, a positive excess current, and multiple Andreev reflections up to fourth order further indicate a high interface quality of the junctions

    Residual strain in free-standing CdTe nanowires overgrown with HgTe

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    We investigate the crystal properties of CdTe nanowires overgrown with HgTe. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy confirm that the growth results in a high ensemble uniformity and that the individual heterostructures are single-crystalline, respectively. We use high-resolution X-ray diffraction to investigate strain, caused by the small lattice mismatch between the two materials. We find that both CdTe and HgTe show changes in the lattice constant compared to the respective bulk lattice constants. The measurements reveal a complex strain pattern with signatures of both uniaxial and shear strains present in the overgrown nanowires

    Selective area grown ZnTe nanowires as the basis for quasi-one-dimensional CdTe-HgTe multishell heterostructures

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    Selective area growth is employed in the vapor-liquid-solid molecular beam epitaxy of ZnTe nanowire arrays. Full control over the location of the individual nanowires is achieved by defined positioning of the growth catalyst. This study addresses the influence of substrate material and growth temperature on the yield of vertical nanowires. The optimized procedure provides arrays of single-crystalline free-standing nanowires with a high ensemble uniformity. The nanowires exhibit a uniform shape with a diameter of about 80 nm and reach a length of more than 3ÎŒm, which makes them suitable as substrates for core-shell nanowires of the topological insulator material HgTe

    Properties of higher-order surface acoustic wave modes in Al(1-x)Sc(x)N / sapphire structures

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    In this work, surface acoustic wave (SAW) modes and their dependence on propagation directions in epitaxial Al0.68Sc0.32N(0001) films on Al2O3(0001) substrates were studied using numerical and experimental methods. In order to find optimal propagation directions for higher-order SAW modes, phase velocity dispersion branches of Al0.68Sc0.32N on Al2O3 with Pt mass loading were computed for the propagation directions and with respect to the substrate. Experimental investigations of phase velocities and electromechanical coupling were performed for comparison with the numerical results. Simulations carried out with the finite element method (FEM) and with a Green function approach allowed identification of each wave type, including Rayleigh, Sezawa and shear horizontal wave modes. For the propagation direction , significantly increased wave guidance of the Sezawa mode compared to other directions was observed, resulting in enhanced electromechanical coupling (k2eff = 1.6 %) and phase velocity (vphase = 6 km/s). We demonstrated, that selecting wave propagation in with high mass density electrodes results in increased electromechanical coupling without significant reduction in phase velocities for the Sezawa wave mode. An improved combination of metallization, Sc concentration x, and SAW propagation direction is suggested which exhibits both high electromechanical coupling (k2eff > 6 %) and high velocity (vphase = 5.5 km/s) for the Sezawa mode
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