A Functional Developmental Genomics Analysis of RIN4 and Exocyst Genes as They Relate to Glycine Max Defense to the Plant Parasitic Nematode Heterodera Glycines Infection

The initial interaction of vesicle and the target membrane prior to their fusion is called vesicle tethering, a process mediated by an octameric protein complex called the exocyst. The exocyst connects vesicles and binds them to phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-biphosphate (PI (4,5) P2), located on the plasma membrane. The exocyst complex is located at the target site, helping to prepare the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) for docking and subsequent release of vesicular contents after fusion. The importance of the exocyst in cellular processes is inevitable since it performs central roles in exocytosis thereby inducing SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. The study presented here is concentrated on the role of exocyst genes during the defense response in Glycine max (soybean) against the plant- parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines known as the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Using developmental genomics analysis, G. max root cells that have been induced by H. glycines through their pathogenic activities to develop into nurse cells known as a syncytium have been isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM). RNA isolated from these cells undergoing resistant reactions in two different G. max genotypes have been used in gene expression profiling experiments that have led to the identification of the genes employed in this analysis. The results demonstrate the involvement of exocyst components in the defense process that G. max has toward H. glycines. Related studies also show the involvement of RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN 4 (RIN4) functioning in this defense process

Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons

This paper begins with an explanation of the nature of local government in Botswana, its structures, and their functions and accomplishments since independence. It then proceeds to look at the challenges, and considers measures for meeting them. It ends by looking at future prospects and draws some lessons

Book Review: Local Government and Decentralization in Ghana

The author of this volume, Kwamena Ahwoi, has no doubt benefited in the writing of this book from the insights acquired as a Minister of Local Government in Ghana for over 12 years (he is presently a staff member of the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration). Kwamena Ahwoi was the Minister who piloted the Local Government Act 1993 and other important legislation related to local government such as the District Assemblies Common Fund Act 1993, and the National Development Planning (System) Act 1994. This book therefore is both an insider’s view and an academic account

Impact of land-use and climatic changes on hydrology of the Himalayan Basin: A case study of the Kosi Basin

Land-use and climatic changes are of major concern in the Himalayan region because of their potential impacts on a predominantly agriculture-based economy and a regional hydrology dominated by strong seasonality. Such concerns are not limited to any particular basin but exist throughout the region including the downstream plain areas. As a representative basin of the Himalayas, we studied the Kosi basin (54,000 km\sp2) located in the mountainous area of the central Himalayan region. We analyzed climatic and hydrologic information to assess the impacts of existing and potential future land-use and climatic changes over the basin. The assessment of anthropogenic inputs showed that the population grew at a compound growth rate of about one percent per annum over the basin during the last four decades. The comparison of land-use data based on the surveys made in the 1960s, and the surveys of 1978-79 did not reveal noticeable trends in land-use change. Analysis of meteorological and hydrological trends using parametric and nonparametric statistics for monthly data from 1947 to 1993 showed some increasing tendency for temperature and precipitation. Statistical tests of hydrological trends indicated an overall decrease of discharge along mainstem Kosi River and its major tributaries. The decreasing trends of streamflow were more significant during low-flow months. Statistical analysis of homogeneity showed that the climatological as well as the hydrological trends were more localized in nature lacking distinct basinwide significance. Statistical analysis of annual sediment time series, available for a single station on the Kosi River did not reveal a significant trend. We used water balance, statistical correlation, and distributed deterministic modeling approaches to analyze the hydrological sensitivity of the basin to possible land-use and climatic changes. The results indicated a stronger influence of basin characteristics compared to climatic characteristics on flow regime. Among the climatic variables, hydrologic response was much more sensitive to changes in precipitation, and the response was more significant in the drier areas of the basin. Rapid retreat of glaciers due to potential global warming was shown to be as important as projected deforestation scenarios in regulating sediment flux over the basin

DCS and spin polarization parameter of argon by electron impact

In present paper, differential scattering cross section (DCS) and spin polarization parameter (S) of the elastic scattering of slow electrons from argon are reported and comparison is made with different available theoretical and experimental data. The present calculation is done with R-matrix theory. We have chosen a complex type potential, a part of which is directly calculated from the target charge density and other part is taken from Baluja and Jain [1]. The present work yields a satisfactory result for differential cross section and spin polarization parameter while previously large discrepancies were found in theoretical and experimental data.&nbsp

A Case Report of Nephrotic Syndrome with Anasarca in 3-Year-Old Girl

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the most commonly encountered glomerular diseases in the child. One of the major problems in this disorder is hyper coagulopathy and increased risk of thrombosis. The cause of thrombosis is related to an imbalance of coagulation and anticoagulation factors. A 3-year-old female patient admitted in the pediatric ward with chief complaints is swelling over the face, hand, and legs from 10-12 days and mild pain in the abdomen 2-3 episode. While there are several more common causes of abdominal pain in children with nephrotic syndrome. This study reports that swelling over the face, hand, and legs. If Patients can take proper medication they can decrease the edema and improve their condition. Keywords: Nephrotic syndrome, Anasarca, Edem

Use of trans-biliary rendezvous technique for stenting of an impassable duodenal stricture

Stenting of the gastric outlet is an accepted method for palliation of symptoms secondary to inoperable malignancy and is successful in most cases. Failure of stenting is most commonly due to inability to cross the stricture. We describe a rendezvous technique of duodenal stenting via transhepatic biliary access when conventional endoscopic or fluoroscopic methods fail

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SUPEROXIDE SOLUTION VERSUS CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE SOLUTION IN SURGICAL WOUND DRESSING

Objective: The objective of the study is to compare the effect of superoxide solution (SOD) and chlorhexidine gluconate on wound healing. Methods: Hundred patients with different types of wounds were recruited in this study and randomized to two groups: Group A- SOD group and Group B- Chlorhexidine group. Observations were made regarding type of wounds, reduction of edema, culture of wounds, improvement, cure rates, and hospital stay. Results: Although there were no significant difference in the reduction of edema and swelling of wound in both groups, the cure rates were statistically better with SOD (p=0.001) and hospital stay was also less with the use of SOD (p=0.006). Conclusion: SOD treated case showed less morbidity, with more improvement, and more cure rate compared to chlorhexidine solution with statistically significant p-value. However, further research into the use of SOD and the cytotoxic nature of chlorhexidine in the treatment of various wounds is required

Brakes Analysis of BAJA ATV

In the modern day and age where automobiles are an essential part of our day to day life, the requirements of each are different. Some demand for a high-performance machine whereas others require a comfortable ride. The modern engineering helps in achieving all the aspects of a safe, reliable and fast vehicle. With the change in time, the need for an all-terrain vehicle has gradually increased. The research paper includes the optimisation of braking system for minimum stopping distance and locking all four tyres simultaneously. The SolidWorks struct-static analysis and simulation are done to obtain a better braking system which can provide the best in class arrangements for the customer. The research focused on disc, master cylinder position. The designs provide the sturdiness and durability which is the primary requirement for an all-terrain vehicle. The study comprises of braking for BAJA-ATV. The all-terrain conditions require active braking and all wheels locking at the instant time. The research paper includes the parameters for the efficient disc, callipers, master cylinder position for effective braking