12 research outputs found
The Canadian Women's Heart Health Alliance Atlas on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular disease in women - Chapter 5 : sex- and gender-unique manifestations of cardiovascular disease.
This Atlas chapter summarizes sex- and some gender-associated, and unique aspects and manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. CVD is the primary cause of premature death in women in Canada and numerous sex-specific differences related to symptoms and pathophysiology exist. A review of the literature was done to identify sex-specific differences in symptoms, pathophysiology, and unique manifestations of CVD in women. Although women with ischemic heart disease might present with chest pain, the description of symptoms, delay between symptom onset and seeking medical attention, and prodromal symptoms are often different in women, compared with men. Nonatherosclerotic causes of angina and myocardial infarction, such as spontaneous coronary artery dissection are predominantly identified in women. Obstructive and nonobstructive coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysmal disease, and peripheral artery disease have worse outcomes in women compared with men. Sex differences exist in valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is more often diagnosed in women, who experience better survival after a heart failure diagnosis. Stroke might occur across the lifespan in women, who are at higher risk of stroke-related disability and age-specific mortality. Sex- and gender-unique differences exist in symptoms and pathophysiology of CVD in women. These differences must be considered when evaluating CVD manifestations, because they affect management and prognosis of cardiovascular conditions in women.Dans le prĂ©sent chapitre dâAtlas sont rĂ©capitulĂ©s les aspects et les manifestations uniques, associĂ©s au sexe et certains associĂ©s au genre, des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) chez les femmes. Les MCV sont la cause principale de dĂ©cĂšs prĂ©maturĂ©s chez les femmes au Canada. De nombreuses diffĂ©rences quant aux symptĂŽmes et Ă la physiopathologie existent entre les sexes. Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une revue de la littĂ©rature pour dĂ©terminer les diffĂ©rences entre les sexes dans les symptĂŽmes et la physiopathologie, et les manifestations uniques des MCV chez les femmes. Bien que les femmes atteintes dâune cardiopathie ischĂ©mique puissent Ă©prouver des douleurs thoraciques, la description des symptĂŽmes, le dĂ©lai entre lâapparition des symptĂŽmes et lâobtention de soins mĂ©dicaux, et les symptĂŽmes prodromiques sont souvent diffĂ©rents de ceux des hommes. Les causes de lâangine et de lâinfarctus du myocarde non liĂ©es Ă lâathĂ©rosclĂ©rose telles que la dissection spontanĂ©e de lâartĂšre coronaire sont principalement observĂ©es chez les femmes. La coronaropathie obstructive et non obstructive, lâanĂ©vrisme aortique et la maladie artĂ©rielle pĂ©riphĂ©rique montrent de plus mauvaises issues chez les femmes que chez les hommes. Des diffĂ©rences entre les sexes sont observĂ©es dans la cardiopathie valvulaire et les cardiomyopathies. Le diagnostic dâinsuffisance cardiaque avec fraction dâĂ©jection prĂ©servĂ©e est plus souvent posĂ© chez les femmes qui prĂ©sentent un meilleur taux de survie aprĂšs un diagnostic dâinsuffisance cardiaque. Lâaccident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral (AVC) pourrait survenir tout au long de la vie des femmes, qui sont exposĂ©es Ă un risque plus Ă©levĂ© dâincapacitĂ©s liĂ©es Ă lâAVC et de mortalitĂ© par Ăąge. Il existe des diffĂ©rences uniques entre les sexes et les genres pour ce qui est des symptĂŽmes et de la physiopathologie des MCV chez les femmes. Lors de lâĂ©valuation des manifestations des MCV, il faut tenir compte de ces diffĂ©rences puisquâelles influencent la prise en charge et le pronostic des maladies cardiovasculaires chez les femmes
The Canadian Women's Heart Health Alliance atlas on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular disease in women - Chapter 6 : sex- and gender-specific diagnosis and treatment
This chapter summarizes the sex- and gender-specific diagnosis and treatment of acute/unstable presentations and nacute/stable presentations of cardiovascular disease in women. Guidelines, scientific statements, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and primary research studies related to diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), valvular heart disease, and heart failure in women were reviewed. The evidence is summarized as a narrative, and when available, sex- and gender-specific practice and research recommendations are provided. Acute coronary syndrome presentations and emergency department delays are different in women than they are in men. Coronary angiography remains the gold-standard test for diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease. Other diagnostic imaging modalities for ischemic heart disease detection (eg, positron emission tomography, echocardiography, single-photon emission computed tomography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance, coronary computed tomography angiography) have been shown to be useful in women, with their selection dependent upon both the goal of the individualized assessment and the testing resources available. Noncontrast computed tomography and computed tomography angiography are used to diagnose stroke in women. Although sex-specific differences appear to exist in the efficacy of standard treatments for diverse presentations of acute coronary syndrome, many cardiovascular drugs and interventions tested in clinical trials were not powered to detect sex-specific differences, and knowledge gaps remain. Similarly, although knowledge is evolving about sex-specific difference in the management of valvular heart disease, and heart failure with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction, current guidelines are lacking in sex-specific recommendations, and more research is needed.Ce chapitre prĂ©sente un rĂ©sumĂ© sur le diagnostic et le traitement des tableaux cliniques aigus/instables et non aigus/stables des maladies cardiovasculaires chez les femmes, et les diffĂ©rences propres Ă chacun des deux sexes. Les lignes directrices, les Ă©noncĂ©s scientifiques, les revues systĂ©matiques/mĂ©ta-analyses et les Ă©tudes de recherche originale sur le diagnostic et le traitement des coronaropathies, des maladies vasculaires cĂ©rĂ©brales (AVC), des valvulopathies cardiaques et de lâinsuffisance cardiaque chez les femmes ont Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©s. Les donnĂ©es probantes sont rĂ©sumĂ©es sous forme narrative et, lorsquâelles sont disponibles, des recommandations en matiĂšre de pratique et de recherche pour chacun des deux sexes sont prĂ©sentĂ©es. Les tableaux cliniques du syndrome coronarien aigu et les dĂ©lais dâattente Ă lâurgence sont diffĂ©rents selon quâune femme ou un homme en est atteint. Lâangiographie coronarienne reste lâexamen de rĂ©fĂ©rence pour le diagnostic des coronaropathies obstructives. Dâautres examens dâimagerie diagnostique (p. ex. la tomographie par Ă©mission de positons, lâĂ©chocardiographie, la tomographie d'Ă©mission Ă photon unique, la rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique cardiovasculaire, lâangiographie coronarienne par tomodensitomĂ©trie) se sont avĂ©rĂ©s utiles pour la dĂ©tection des cardiopathies ischĂ©miques chez les femmes. Le recours Ă ces modalitĂ©s dĂ©pend de lâobjectif de lâĂ©valuation personnalisĂ©e et des ressources disponibles. La tomodensitomĂ©trie sans agent de contraste et lâangiographie par tomodensitomĂ©trie sont utilisĂ©es pour le diagnostic des AVC chez les femmes. MalgrĂ© les diffĂ©rences entre les sexes quant Ă lâefficacitĂ© des traitements de rĂ©fĂ©rence des divers tableaux cliniques du syndrome coronarien aigu, bon nombre des mĂ©dicaments et des interventions cardiovasculaires qui ont fait lâobjet dâessais cliniques nâavaient pas la puissance statistique nĂ©cessaire pour dĂ©tecter des diffĂ©rences selon les sexes, de sorte que les connaissances restent fragmentaires sur ce sujet. De mĂȘme, malgrĂ© lâĂ©volution des connaissances sur les diffĂ©rences sexuelles quant Ă la prise en charge des valvulopathies cardiaques et de lâinsuffisance cardiaque avec fraction dâĂ©jection rĂ©duite ou prĂ©servĂ©e, on ne trouve pas de recommandations pour chaque sexe dans les lignes directrices actuelles, dâoĂč la pertinence dâĂ©tudes supplĂ©mentaires portant sur cette question
Examining sustainability in a hospital setting: Case of smoking cessation
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Ottawa Model of Smoking Cessation (OMSC) is a hospital-based smoking cessation program that is expanding across Canada. While the short-term effectiveness of hospital cessation programs has been documented, less is known about long-term sustainability. The purpose of this exploratory study was to understand how hospitals using the OMSC were addressing sustainability and determine if there were critical factors or issues that should be addressed as the program expanded.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Six hospitals that differed on OMSC program activities (identify and document smokers, advise quitting, provide medication, and offer follow-up) were intentionally selected, and two key informants per hospital were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Key informants were asked to reflect on the initial decision to implement the OMSC, the current implementation process, and perceived sustainability of the program. Qualitative analysis of the interview transcripts was conducted and themes related to problem definition, stakeholder influence, and program features emerged.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Sustainability was operationalized as higher performance of OMSC activities than at baseline. Factors identified in the literature as important for sustainability, such as program design, differences in implementation, organizational characteristics, and the community environment did not explain differences in program sustainability. Instead, key informants identified factors that reflected the interaction between how the health problem was defined by stakeholders, how priorities and concerns were addressed, features of the program itself, and fit within the hospital context and resources as being influential to the sustainability of the program.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Applying a sustainability model to a hospital smoking cessation program allowed for an examination of how decisions made during implementation may impact sustainability. Examining these factors during implementation may provide insight into issues affecting program sustainability, and foster development of a sustainability plan. Based on this study, we suggest that sustainability plans should focus on enhancing interactions between the health problem, program features, and stakeholder influence.</p
Economic evaluation of a hospital-initiated intervention for smokers with chronic disease, in Ontario, Canada
Introduction Cigarette smoking causes many chronic
diseases that are costly and result in frequent
hospitalisation. Hospital-initiated smoking cessation
interventions increase the likelihood that patients will
become smoke-free. We modelled the cost-effectiveness
of the Ottawa Model for Smoking Cessation (OMSC), an
intervention that includes in-hospital counselling,
pharmacotherapy and posthospital follow-up, compared
to usual care among smokers hospitalised with acute
myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina (UA), heart
failure (HF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).
Methods We completed a cost-effectiveness analysis
based on a decision-analytic model to assess smokers
hospitalised in Ontario, Canada for AMI, UA, HF, and
COPD, their risk of continuing to smoke and the effects
of quitting on re-hospitalisation and mortality over a
1-year period. We calculated short-term and long-term
cost-effectiveness ratios. Our primary outcome was
1-year cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained.
Results From the hospital payerâs perspective, delivery
of the OMSC can be considered cost effective with
1-year cost per QALY gained of C68. In the first year, we
calculated that provision of the OMSC to 15 326
smokers would generate 4689 quitters, and would
prevent 116 rehospitalisations, 923 hospital days, and
119 deaths. Results were robust within numerous
sensitivity analyses.
Discussion The OMSC appears to be cost-effective
from the hospital payer perspective. Important
consideration is the relatively low intervention cost
compared to the reduction in costs related to
readmissions for illnesses associated with continued
smoking.This project was supported by a Contribution Agreement between the
University of Ottawa Heart Institute and the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long
Term Care. All authors declare independence from the funder. The funders had no
role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation
of the manuscript
The 13th Southern Hemisphere Conference on the Teaching and Learning of Undergraduate Mathematics and Statistics
NgÄ mihi aroha ki ngÄ tangata katoa and warm greetings to you all. Welcome to Herenga
Delta 2021, the Thirteenth Southern Hemisphere Conference on the Teaching and Learning
of Undergraduate Mathematics and Statistics.
It has been ten years since the Volcanic Delta Conference in Rotorua, and we are excited to
have the Delta community return to Aotearoa New Zealand, if not in person, then by virtual
means. Although the limits imposed by the pandemic mean that most of this yearâs 2021
participants are unable to set foot in TÄmaki Makaurau Auckland, this has certainly not
stopped interest in this event. Participants have been invited to draw on the concept of
herenga, in Te Reo MÄori usually a mooring place where people from afar come to share
their knowledge and experiences. Although many of the participants are still some distance
away, the submissions that have been sent in will continue to stimulate discussion on
mathematics and statistics undergraduate education in the Delta tradition.
The conference invited papers, abstracts and posters, working within the initial themes of
Values and Variables. The range of submissions is diverse, and will provide participants with
many opportunities to engage, discuss, and network with colleagues across the Delta
community. The publications for this thirteenth Delta Conference include publications in the
International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, iJMEST,
(available at https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tmes20/collections/Herenga-Delta-2021),
the Conference Proceedings, and the Programme (which has created some interesting
challenges around time-zones), by the Local Organizing Committee. Papers in the iJMEST
issue and the Proceedings were peer reviewed by at least two reviewers per paper. Of the
ten submissions to the Proceedings, three were accepted.
We are pleased to now be at the business end of the conference and hope that this event will
carry on the special atmosphere of the many Deltas which have preceded this one. We hope
that you will enjoy this conference, the virtual and social experiences that accompany it, and
take the opportunity to contribute to further enhancing mathematics and statistics
undergraduate education.
NgÄ manaakitanga,
Phil Kane (The University of Auckland | Waipapa Taumata Rau) on behalf of the Local
Organising Committ
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Interventions in Women With Prior Gestational Hypertensive Disorders or Diabetes in North America: A Rapid Review
Women with previous hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The goal of this rapid review was to summarize evidence of the effectiveness of CVD risk factor interventions for postpartum women with a history of HDP or GDM. A comprehensive search strategy was used to search articles published in 5 databasesâOvid MEDLINE, PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, and Embase). Observational and intervention studies that identified CVD prevention, screening, and/or risk factor management interventions among postpartum women with prior HDP or GDM in Canada and the US were included. The quality of observational and interventional studies, and their risk of bias, were assessed using appropriate critical appraisal checklists. Eight studies, including 4 observational cohorts, 3 randomized controlled trials, and 1 quasi-experimental study, merited inclusion for analysis. A total of 2449 participants were involved in the included studies. The most effective CVD risk factor intervention was comprised of postpartum transition and follow-up, CVD risk factor education, and advice on lifestyle changes. Most of the observational studies led to improvements in CVD risk factors, including improvements in CVD lifetime risk scores. However, none of the RCTs led to improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors. Few studies have investigated CVD risk factor interventions in the postpartum in women with previous HDP or GDM in North America. Further studies of higher quality are needed. RĂ©sumĂ©: Les femmes ayant dĂ©jĂ souffert de troubles hypertensifs de la grossesse (THG) ou d'un diabĂšte gestationnel (DG) prĂ©sentent un risque de maladie cardiovasculaire (MCV) accru de 2 Ă 3 fois. Cette brĂšve revue de littĂ©rature visait Ă colliger les Ă©vidences concernant l'efficacitĂ© des interventions se concentrant sur les facteurs de risque de MCV chez les femmes en post-partum ayant des antĂ©cĂ©dents de THG ou de DG. Une stratĂ©gie de recherche exhaustive a Ă©tĂ© employĂ©e pour rechercher des articles publiĂ©s dans 5 bases de donnĂ©es (Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO et Embase). Les Ă©tudes d'observation et d'intervention qui ont identifiĂ© des interventions de prĂ©vention, de dĂ©pistage et/ou de gestion des facteurs de risque des MCV chez les femmes en post-partum ayant dĂ©jĂ souffert de THG ou de DG au Canada et aux Ătats-Unis ont Ă©tĂ© incluses. La qualitĂ© des Ă©tudes observationnelles et interventionnelles, ainsi que leur risque de biais, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s Ă l'aide de listes de contrĂŽle d'Ă©valuation critique appropriĂ©es. Huit Ă©tudes, dont quatre cohortes observationnelles, trois essais contrĂŽlĂ©s randomisĂ©s (ECR) et une Ă©tude quasi expĂ©rimentale, ont Ă©tĂ© incluses pour l'analyse, impliquant au total 2 449 participantes. L'intervention la plus efficace sur les facteurs de risque de MCV incluait une transition et un suivi post-partum, une sensibilisation aux facteurs de risque de MCV et des conseils sur les changements de mode de vie. La plupart des Ă©tudes observationnelles ont conduit Ă des amĂ©liorations concernant les facteurs de risque de MCV. Cependant, aucun des ECR n'a conduit Ă des amĂ©liorations des facteurs de risque cardiomĂ©tabolique. Peu d'Ă©tudes ont examinĂ© les interventions sur les facteurs de risque de MCV pendant le post-partum chez les femmes ayant dĂ©jĂ souffert de THG ou de DG en AmĂ©rique du Nord. D'autres Ă©tudes de meilleure qualitĂ© sont nĂ©cessaires
Sex, Gender, and Women's Heart Health: How Women's Heart Programs Address the Knowledge Gap
This article aims to bridge existing knowledge gaps that impact clinical cardiovascular care and outcomes for women in Canada. The authors discuss various aspects of womenâs heart health, emphasizing the efficacy of multidisciplinary care in promoting womenâs well-being. The article also identifies the impact of national womenâs heart health campaigns and the value of peer support in improving outcomes. The article addresses the particular risks that women face, such as pregnancy-related complications and hormone replacement therapy, all of which are associated with cardiovascular events, and highlights the differences in ischemic symptoms between men and women. Despite improvements in acute event outcomes, challenges persist in accessing timely ambulatory care, particularly for women. Canada has responded to these challenges by introducing Women Heart Programs, which offer tailored programs, support groups, and specialized testing. However, these programs remain few in number and are found only in urban settings. Overall, this review identifies sex and gender factors related to womenâs heart health, underscoring the importance of specialized programs and multidisciplinary care in improving womenâs cardiovascular health. RĂsumĂ: Cet article vise Ă rĂ©pondre aux incertitudes actuelles qui se rĂ©percutent sur les soins cardiovasculaires et les issues cliniques chez les femmes au Canada. Les auteurs abordent diffĂ©rents aspects de la santĂ© cardiaque des femmes, mettant lâaccent sur lâefficacitĂ© des soins multidisciplinaires pour amĂ©liorer le bien-ĂȘtre des femmes. Lâarticle prĂ©sente Ă©galement lâeffet des campagnes nationales sur la santĂ© cardiaque des femmes et lâimportance de lâentraide entre collĂšgues pour amĂ©liorer les rĂ©sultats. Lâarticle traite des risques particuliers touchant les femmes, comme les complications liĂ©es Ă la grossesse et lâhormonothĂ©rapie substitutive, qui sont toutes associĂ©es Ă des Ă©vĂ©nements cardiovasculaires, et il souligne les diffĂ©rences entre les hommes et les femmes pour ce qui est des symptĂŽmes ischĂ©miques. Bien que des amĂ©liorations aient Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es quant Ă lâissue des Ă©vĂ©nements aigus, des difficultĂ©s persistent sur le plan de lâaccĂšs rapide Ă des soins ambulatoires, surtout pour les femmes. Le Canada a rĂ©pondu Ă ces difficultĂ©s en crĂ©ant des programmes pour la santĂ© cardiaque des femmes, qui offrent des services adaptĂ©s, des groupes de soutien et des analyses spĂ©cialisĂ©es. Cependant, ils sont encore peu nombreux et accessibles seulement en milieu urbain. Dans lâensemble, cette analyse dĂ©finit les facteurs liĂ©s au sexe et au genre qui interviennent dans la santĂ© cardiaque des femmes, soulignant lâimportance de mettre en place des programmes spĂ©cialisĂ©s et des soins multidisciplinaires pour amĂ©liorer la santĂ© cardiovasculaire des femmes
Intrapersonal, social and physical environmental determinants of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in working-age women: a systematic review protocol
Abstract
Background
The majority of North American adult females do not meet current physical activity recommendations (150Â min of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) per week accrued in â„10Â min bouts) ultimately placing themselves at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Working-age females face particular challenges in meeting physical activity recommendations as they have multiple demands, including occupational, family and social demands. To develop effective interventions to increase MVPA among working-age females, it is necessary to identify and understand the strongest modifiable determinants influencing these behaviours. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review is to examine the available evidence to identify intrapersonal, social and environmental determinants of MVPA among working-age females.
Methods/Design
Six electronic databases will be searched to identify all prospective cohort studies that report on intrapersonal, social and/or environmental determinants of MVPA in working-age females. Grey literature sources including theses, published conference abstracts and websites from relevant organizations will also be included. Articles that report on intrapersonal (e.g. health status, self-efficacy, socio-economic status (SES), stress, depression), social environmental (e.g. crime, safety, area SES, social support, climate and capital, policies), and environmental (e.g. weather, workplace, home, neighbourhood, recreation environment, active transportation) determinants of MVPA in a working-age (mean age 18â65 years) female population will be included. Risk of bias will be assessed within and across all included studies using the Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies and the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Harvest plots will be used to synthesize results across all determinants, and meta-analyses will be conducted where possible among studies with sufficient homogeneity.
Discussion
This review will provide a comprehensive examination of evidence in this field and will serve to highlight gaps for future research on the determinants of MVPA in working-age females and ultimately inform intervention design.
Systematic review registration
PROSPERO:
CRD42014009750
Integration of Womenâs Cardiovascular Health Content Into Healthcare Provider Education: Results of a Rapid Review and National Survey
Despite its importance, formal education in healthcare training programs on sex- and gender-specific cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and outcomes is lacking. We completed rapid reviews of the academic and grey literature to describe the current state of women-specific CVD education in medical, nursing, and other healthcare education programs. Second, we analyzed results from a Canada-wide survey of healthcare professional education programs to identify gaps in curricula related to sex- and gender-specific training in CVD. Our academic review yielded only 15 peer-reviewed publications, and our online search only 20 healthcare education programs, that note that they specifically address women, or sex and gender, and CVD in their curricula. Across both searches, the majority of training and education programs were from the USA, varied greatly in length, delivery mode, and content covered, and lacked consistency in evaluation. Of surveys sent to 213 Canadian universities and other entry-to-practice programs, 80 complete responses (37.6%) were received. A total of 47 respondents (59%) reported that their programs included women-specific CVD content. Among those programs without content specific to CVD in women, 69.0% stated that its inclusion would add âquite a bitâ or âa great dealâ of value to the program. This study highlights the emerging focus on and substantial gaps in women-specific CVD training and education across healthcare education programs. All medical, nursing, and healthcare training programs are implored to incorporate sex- and gender-based CVD content into their regular curricula as part of a consolidated effort to minimize gaps in cardiovascular care. RĂ©sumĂ©: MalgrĂ© la prĂ©valence des maladies cardiovasculaires (CV), les programmes dâenseignement en santĂ© accordent peu dâattention aux facteurs de risque, aux symptĂŽmes, aux traitements et aux issues selon le sexe ou le genre. PremiĂšrement, nous avons fait une revue rapide de la littĂ©rature universitaire et la littĂ©rature grise pour faire Ă©tat de la formation sur les maladies CV spĂ©cifiques aux femmes dans les programmes dâenseignement en mĂ©decine, en soins infirmiers et autres domaines de la santĂ©. DeuxiĂšmement, nous avons analysĂ© les rĂ©sultats dâune enquĂȘte menĂ©e Ă lâĂ©chelle du Canada sur des programmes de formation professionnelle pour cerner les lacunes dans les programmes au chapitre de la formation sur les maladies CV en fonction du sexe et du genre. Notre analyse de la littĂ©rature universitaire a permis de relever seulement 15 publications rĂ©visĂ©es par des pairs Ă ce sujet, et notre recherche en ligne a mis au jour seulement 20 programmes dâenseignement qui comportent un volet portant spĂ©cifiquement sur les femmes, ou bien le sexe et le genre, et les maladies CV. Ces deux enquĂȘtes ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que la majoritĂ© des programmes de formation et dâenseignement Ă©taient aux Ătats-Unis et quâils prĂ©sentaient une grande diversitĂ© sur le plan de la durĂ©e, du mode dâenseignement et du contenu abordĂ©. De plus, les mĂ©thodes dâĂ©valuation nâĂ©taient pas uniformes. Parmi les sondages envoyĂ©s Ă 213 universitĂ©s et programmes dâadmission Ă la pratique au Canada, 80 rĂ©ponses complĂštes (37,6 %) ont Ă©tĂ© reçues. Quarante-sept des Ă©tablissements qui ont rĂ©pondu (59 %) ont signalĂ© que leurs programmes comprenaient du contenu portant sur les maladies CV spĂ©cifiques aux femmes. Parmi les Ă©tablissements dont les programmes ne comportaient aucun contenu spĂ©cifique aux femmes, 69,0 % ont indiquĂ© quâune telle inclusion ajouterait « beaucoup » ou « Ă©normĂ©ment » de valeur au programme. Cette Ă©tude met en lumiĂšre lâattention nouvelle accordĂ©e Ă la formation et Ă lâenseignement sur les maladies CV spĂ©cifiques aux femmes ainsi que les lacunes substantielles observĂ©es Ă cet Ă©gard dans les programmes dâenseignement en santĂ©. Les programmes de formation en mĂ©decine, en soins infirmiers et en santĂ© sont vivement invitĂ©s Ă intĂ©grer du contenu spĂ©cifique au sexe et au genre pour ce qui est des maladies CV dans un effort concertĂ© visant Ă rĂ©duire les lacunes dans les soins cardiovasculaires