Традиція жанру лагю в живописі: Тара Зелена у супроводі вчителів школи н'їнгма

The adoption of energy efficiency measures can significantly reduce industrial energy use. This study estimates the future industrial energy consumption under two energy demand scenarios: (1) a reference scenario that follows business as usual trends and (2) a low energy demand scenario that takes into account the implementation of energy efficiency improvement measures. These scenarios cover energy demand in the period 2009-2050 for ten world regions. The reference scenario is based on the International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook (2011 edition) up to 2035 and is extrapolated by Gross Domestic Product projections for the period 2035-2050. According to the reference scenario, the industrial energy use will increase from 105 EJ in 2009 to 185 EJ in 2050 (excluding fuel use as a feedstock). It is estimated that, with the adoption of energy efficient technologies and increased recycling, the growth in industrial energy use in 2050 can be limited to 140 EJ, an annual energy use increase of 0.7 % compared with the 2009 case. The 2050 industrial energy use in the low energy demand scenario is estimated to be 24 % lower than the 2050 energy use in the reference scenario. The results of this study highlight the importance of industrial energy efficiency by providing insights of the energy savings potentials in different regions of the world

Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Oportunities for the Concrete Industry

The U.S. concrete industry is the main consumer of U.S.-produced cement. The manufacturing of ready mixed concrete accounts for about 75% of the U.S. concrete production following the manufacturing of precast concrete and masonry units. The most significant expenditure is the cost of materials accounting for more than 50% of total concrete production costs - cement only accounts for nearly 24%. In 2009, energy costs of the U.S. concrete industry were over $610 million. Hence, energy efficiency improvements along with efficient use of materials without negatively affecting product quality and yield, especially in times of increased fuel and material costs, can significantly reduce production costs and increase competitiveness. The Energy Guide starts with an overview of the U.S. concrete industry’s structure and energy use, a description of the various manufacturing processes, and identification of the major energy consuming areas in the different industry segments. This is followed by a description of general and process related energy- and cost-efficiency measures applicable to the concrete industry. Specific energy and cost savings and a typical payback period are included based on literature and case studies, when available. The Energy Guide intends to provide information on cost reduction opportunities to energy and plant managers in the U.S. concrete industry. Every cost saving opportunity should be assessed carefully prior to implementation in individual plants, as the economics and the potential energy and material savings may differ

Modeling the cement industry in integrated assessment models: Key factors for further improvement

Energy models, such as Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), are widely used in the forecasting of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and in the analysis and evaluation of the different GHG mitigation options. To construct efficient industry specific policies it is important to make careful estimations of the potentials for energy and GHG savings and the associated costs of mitigation that take into account the individual characteristics of the sector. However, many energy models are lacking on technological detail with many of them assessing the industry as a whole with only limited sub-sector division. In this analysis, the main parameters in modeling the cement industry, such as cement demand drivers, production technology representation and retrofitting options, were identified and a number of simple methodological modeling improvements were composed to assist the less detailed models incorporate more bottom-up sectoral information. Some of the improvements were implemented by two IAMs, POLES and IMAGE. Initial results obtained after the implementation of a number of suggested improvements showed the importance of using recent data that take into account recent industrial developments to construct the baseline and data that take into account regional differences

Exploring pathways to 100% renewable energy in European industry

Industry poses one of the biggest challenges in the renewable energy transition. In this paper, fossil fuels in the European industrial sector are replaced by renewable energy using a novel tool, IndustryPLAN, a planning tool for the assessment of national industrial sectors. In a bottom-up approach, each industry sub-sector is addressed with energy efficiency and fossil fuel replacement measures based on best available and innovative technologies, and in a top-down approach, the fuel and electricity consumption per country is analysed and decarbonised. The results indicate that: 1. Known technologies can decarbonise most of the industrial sector; 2. Costs and efficiencies are improved by energy savings and electrification; 3. Limiting bioenergy consumption is a critical challenge, emphasising the key role of energy savings and electrification, and the alternative of using hydrogen or hydrogen-based electrofuels will make the transition more expensive and induce energy losses. A full transition to renewable energy and a decarbonised industry sector may be possible before 2050, however, this requires that all investments are sustainable from 2030 onwards and that grid electricity is fully decarbonised. This paper presents several pathways toward 100% renewable energy supply in the European industrial sector and discusses the implications of the outlined scenarios

Energy efficiency potentials in the EU industry: impacts of deep decarbonization technologies

Increasing the energy efficiency in high energy demand sectors such as industry with a high reliance on coal, oil and natural gas is considered a pivotal step towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions and meeting the Paris Agreement targets. The European Commission published final energy demand projections for industry capturing current policies and market trends up to 2050. This Reference scenario for industry in 2050, however, does not give insights into the extent to which energy efficiency potentials are already implemented, in which sectors further efficiency can be achieved, to what extent or with which technologies. In this paper, the EU Reference scenario is broken down and compared to a Frozen Efficiency scenario with similar GDP developments but without energy efficiency. Through bottom-up analyses, it is found that with energy efficiency technologies alone, this Reference scenario for industry energy demands (10.6 EJ in 2050) cannot be achieved. That means that the EU Reference assumes higher energy efficiency than possible and too high an effect of current policies. In the Frozen Efficiency scenario, the energy demand reaches 14.2 EJ in 2050 due to the GDP development; 22% higher than 2015. Energy efficiency improvements and increased recycling can decrease industrial energy demand by 23% (11.3 EJ in 2050). In order to further reduce the energy demand, our analyses shows that the wide implementation of innovative in combination with electrification or hydrogen technologies can further decrease the 2050 energy demand to 9.7 EJ or 10.3 EJ, respectively

Exploring pathways to 100% renewable energy in European industry

Industry poses one of the biggest challenges in the renewable energy transition. In this paper, fossil fuels in the European industrial sector are replaced by renewable energy using a novel tool, IndustryPLAN, a planning tool for the assessment of national industrial sectors. In a bottom-up approach, each industry sub-sector is addressed with energy efficiency and fossil fuel replacement measures based on best available and innovative technologies, and in a top-down approach, the fuel and electricity consumption per country is analysed and decarbonised. The results indicate that: 1. Known technologies can decarbonise most of the industrial sector; 2. Costs and efficiencies are improved by energy savings and electrification; 3. Limiting bioenergy consumption is a critical challenge, emphasising the key role of energy savings and electrification, and the alternative of using hydrogen or hydrogen-based electrofuels will make the transition more expensive and induce energy losses. A full transition to renewable energy and a decarbonised industry sector may be possible before 2050, however, this requires that all investments are sustainable from 2030 onwards and that grid electricity is fully decarbonised. This paper presents several pathways toward 100% renewable energy supply in the European industrial sector and discusses the implications of the outlined scenarios

The green transition of industry – An introduction to IndustryPLAN

The green transition of industry has an essential role in meeting the Paris Agreement targets. Transition strategies should integrate a balance between energy efficiency, electrification, and renewable energy. Focus should be on enabling industry to play an active role in the integration of variable renewable energy sources and the sector-coupling needed for the utilisation of excess heat. Industry in the European Commission's net-zero emission scenarios such as EU 1.5 TECH in “A Clean Planet for all” is based on a top-down methodology with the risks of overinvestments, blind investments, non-concrete general pan-industrial investments, and unrealistic implementation rates. This paper introduces seven guiding principles and a freeware tool, IndustryPLAN, to open the “black box” of industry, quantify such strategies and apply them to EU-27 + UK. The tool enables the user to conduct country-specific, sector-specific or aggregated European analyses of climate mitigation measures by implementing best available technologies, innovative measures and technologies, electrification, shift to hydrogen-based processes, and excess heat utilisation. Also, resilience against fluctuating fuel, electricity and technology prices can be analysed to illuminate geopolitical or supply chain issues. The combination of the guiding principles methodology and the IndustryPLAN tool identifies at least 30% short-term feasible final energy demand savings and possible full decarbonisation with a 100% renewable energy supply for industry