Determining the Effects of Manganese Source and Level on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Economics of Growing-Finishing Pigs

A total of 1,944 mixed sex growing-finishing pigs (PIC; 337 × 1050; initially 76.0 ± 3.71 lb) were used in a 107-d growth trial to determine the effects of increasing levels of two different manganese sources on the performance of growing-finishing pigs from 76 to 295 lb. Pens were assigned to 1 of 6 treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial weight as a blocking factor. There were 12 replicate pens per treatment and 27 pigs per pen. The experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were fed in 4 phases. The 6 dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Mn source, (MnSO4 or Mn hydroxychloride: IBM), and 3 added Mn concentrations (8, 16, or 32 ppm). The trace mineral premix was formulated to contain no added Mn. There were no Mn source × level interactions (P \u3e 0.10) observed for any of the individual dietary phases. For the overall period (d 0 to 107), there was a Mn source × level interaction (quadratic, P = 0.048) for feed efficiency (F/G), with F/G improving for the lowest and highest level of Mn supplementation from IntelliBond M (IBM) whereas F/G tended to improve with increasing Mn from MnSO4. For the main effect of level, the intermediate dietary level of Mn had the poorest (quadratic, P \u3c 0.097) average daily gain (ADG) in phases 1 and 4, which resulted in the poorest overall ADG and final body weight (BW) (quadratic, P \u3c 0.05). There was no evidence for differences in pigs fed either Mn source for ADG or ADFI. There was a tendency for Mn source × level interaction (quadratic, P = 0.075) for carcass yield, where yield did not change by added MnSO4, but increased then decreased for pigs fed diets with IBM. Loin depth increased (linear, P = 0.035) for pigs fed increasing amounts of Mn from MnSO4 but decreased when Mn was increased from IBM. Pigs fed the intermediate level of Mn also had the lightest HCW (quadratic, P = 0.071) and decreased loin depth (quadratic, P = 0.044). No differences were observed in economics except for revenue (quadratic, P = 0.093) being the lowest for pigs fed the intermediate level of Mn. No evidence of difference (P \u3e 0.10) was observed for Mn source × level inter- actions on the concentration of Cu, Mn, and Zn in the liver. Manganese concentration increased (linear, P = 0.015) as added Mn increased and liver Mn tended to be greater (P = 0.075) when Mn was supplied by MnSO4 compared to IBM. There was no evidence of difference (P \u3e 0.10) for Mn source or level influence on liver Cu and Zn concentrations. In conclusion, these data suggest little difference among Mn sources but did show improvements in growth performance for dietary levels of 8 and 32 ppm of Mn compared with 16 ppm. Further research is needed to understand why pigs fed the intermediate level of Mn had decreased ADG

Determining the Effects of Increasing Levels of Xylanase in Nutrient Adequate Diets on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics of Growing-Finishing Pigs

A total of 1,944 mixed sex growing-finishing pigs (PIC; 337 × 1050; initial BW of 49.9 ± 1.18 lb) were used in a 131-d growth trial to determine the effects of increasing added xylanase xylanase in adequate diets on grow-finish pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens were assigned to 1 of 6 treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. There were 12 replicate pens per treatment and 27 pigs per pen. The experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were fed in 5 phases. The 6 dietary treatments were formulated to: 0, 2.3, 4.5, 9.1, 18.1, and 34.0 of enzymatic activity for xylanase (IU)/lb (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 75 IU/kg) of added xylanase (Belfeed B 1100 MP; Jefo Nutrition, Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec). From d 0 to 70, there was a tendency (quadratic, P = 0.068) for average daily gain (ADG) to decrease and then increase with increasing added xylanase, but there was no evidence (P \u3e 0.10) of differences for average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (F/G). From d 70 to 131 and overall, there was no evidence of difference (P \u3e 0.10) observed for ADG, ADFI, and F/G. There was no evidence for difference (P \u3e 0.10) between treatments for number of pigs receiving injectable treatments or mortalities. For carcass traits, increasing xylanase increased then decreased (quadratic, P = 0.010) percentage carcass yield. Also, as xylanase increased, percentage lean decreased (linear, P = 0.038) and backfat marginally increased (linear, P = 0.066). In conclusion, adding increasing levels of xylanase in nutrient adequate diets did not impact growth performance or mortality but did improve carcass yield at intermediate levels

Influence of Particle Size of Enogen Feed High Amylase and Conventional Yellow Dent Corn on Nursery Pig Performance

A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 14.5 lb) were used in a 35-d growth trial to evaluate the influence of particle size of Enogen Feed high amylase (Enogen, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) and conventional yellow dent corn on nursery pig performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen) and pens were allotted by weight to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 12 pens per treatment. Treat­ments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of corn source (high amylase or conventional yellow dent) and 3 ground corn particle sizes (300, 600, or 900 microns). All pigs were fed a common pelleted diet for 7 days after weaning, then switched to experimental diets. Overall, from d 0 to 35, there were no differences among corn sources observed for average daily gain (ADG). As particle size of the diet increased, there was a tendency (quadratic, P = 0.074) for ADG to be similar for pigs fed 300- and 600-micron ground corn, but ADG decreased for pigs fed corn ground to 900 microns. There was a tendency (P = 0.086) for a corn source × particle size interaction for average daily feed intake (ADFI), with no change in ADFI for pigs fed conventional yellow dent corn, but a quadratic increase then decrease in ADFI for pigs fed high amylase corn. For feed efficiency (F/G), there was also a corn source × particle size interaction (P = 0.027) observed with improved F/G as particle size was reduced for high amylase corn, but not for conventional yellow dent corn. In summary, reducing particle size of high amylase corn improves feed efficiency with no major differences between corn sources for overall daily gain

Determining the Effects of Manganese Source and Level in Diets Containing High Levels of Copper on Growth Performance of Growing-Finishing Pigs

A total of 1,994 pigs (PIC; 337 × 1050; initially 88.2 lb) were used to determine the effect of manganese (Mn) source and level on finishing pig growth performance. This experiment was a follow-up to an Mn source by level study conducted last year. However, unlike last year’s study, in the present study all diets contained 150 ppm added Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (IBC; Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN). Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Mn source (Mn hydroxychloride, IntelliBond M, Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN; or Mn sulfate, MnSO4, Eurochem, Veracruz, Mexico), and increasing added Mn concentration (8, 16, and 32 ppm). The trace mineral premix was formulated without added Mn. There were 27 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-distillers dried grains with solubles-based and were fed in 4 phases. Overall, there was no (P \u3e 0.10) Mn source × level interaction observed for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G). Pigs fed IBM had increased (P \u3c 0.05) final body weight (BW), ADG, and ADFI compared to pigs fed MnSO4. Pigs fed 16 ppm of Mn tended (P = 0.088) to have reduced ADFI when compared to pigs fed 8 and 32 ppm of Mn. In conclusion, there appears to be little benefit in growth perfor­mance by feeding more than 8 ppm of added Mn. However, pigs fed IBM had improved growth performance compared with those fed MnSO4. This response is different than our previous study with identical Mn sources but without high levels of added Cu. Further research is needed to understand why we observed an Mn source difference to Mn hydroxychloride when fed in conjunction with pharmacological levels of Cu on pig growth performance

Improving Performance of Finishing Pigs with Added Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan: Validating a Meta-Analysis Model

Based on a recent meta-analysis, we hypothesized that increased dietary Val, Ile, or Trp could correct possible amino acid interactions caused by high dietary Leu in diets containing high levels of corn protein, namely dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). A total of 1,200 pigs (PIC TR4 × (Fast LW × PIC L02); initially 74.0 ± 1.38 lb) were used in a 103-d study. The 6 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal- DDGS-based diets as follows: 1) low level of Lys-HCl (HSBM), 2) high Lys-HCl and moderate Ile, Val, Trp (NC; AA above NRC4 estimates), 3) moderate Lys-HCl and high Ile, Val, Trp (PC), and 4) PC with either increased L-Val (PC+Val), 5) L-Ile (PC+Ile), or 6) L-Trp (PC+Trp). Diets contained 30% DDGS until pigs reached approximately 217 lb, and then pigs were fed diets with 20% DDGS until market. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the lmer function in the lme4 package in R with pen considered as the experimental unit, body weight, and pen location as a blocking factor, and treatment as a fixed effect with 10 replicates/treatment. In the grower period, ADG was greater (P \u3c 0.05) for the pigs fed HSBM and PC+Val diets than the NC with PC, PC+Ile, and PC+Trp intermediate. Pigs fed HSBM were more (P \u3c 0.05) efficient than the NC and PC with PC+Val, PC+Ile, and PC+Trp being intermediate. In the late finisher period, ADG was greater (P \u3c 0.05) for pigs fed PC+Ile than that of the NC with HSBM, PC, PC+Val, and PC+Trp intermediate. Pigs fed PC+Val had greater (P \u3c 0.05) ADFI than the NC with HSBM, PC, PC+Ile, and PC+Trp being intermediate. However, PC+Ile pigs were more (P \u3c 0.05) efficient than PC+Val pigs with HSBM, NC, PC, and PC+Trp being intermediate. Overall, final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and hot carcass weight (HCW) were greater (P \u3c 0.05) for pigs fed HSBM, PC+Val, and PC+Ile diets than the NC with PC and PC+Trp intermediate. Pigs fed the PC+Val diet had greater (P \u3c 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) than the NC with pigs fed HSBM, PC, PC+Ile, and PC+Trp intermediate. No differences were detected between treatments for overall F/G or other carcass characteristics. In conclusion, increasing Val or Ile in high Lys- HCl-DDGS-based diets improved growth performance and final BW compared with pigs fed diets containing high levels of Lys-HCl without added Val and Ile. These results demonstrate that the negative effects of high Leu concentrations in corn-DDGS-based diets can be corrected by increasing the ratios of Val and Ile to Lys

Antibacterial Activity of Hen Egg White Lysozyme Modified by Heat and Enzymatic Treatments against Oenological Lactic Acid Bacteria and Acetic Acid Bacteria

The antimicrobial activity of heat-denatured and hydrolyzed hen egg white lysozyme against oenological lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria was investigated. The lysozyme was denatured by heating, and native and heat-denatured lysozymes were hydrolyzed by pepsin. The lytic activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus of heat-denatured lysozyme decreased with the temperature of the heat treatment, whereas the hydrolyzed lysozyme had no enzymatic activity. Heat-denatured and hydrolyzed lysozyme preparations showed antimicrobial activity against acetic acid bacteria. Lysozyme heated at 90°C exerted potent activity against Acetobacter aceti CIAL-106 and Gluconobacter oxydans CIAL-107 with concentrations required to obtain 50% inhibition of growth (IC50) of 0.089 and 0.013 mg/ml, respectively. This preparation also demonstrated activity against Lactobacillus casei CIAL-52 and Oenococcus oeni CIAL-91 (IC50, 1.37 and 0.45 mg/ml, respectively). The two hydrolysates from native and heat-denatured lysozyme were active against O. oeni CIAL-96 (IC50, 2.77 and 0.3 mg/ml, respectively). The results obtained suggest that thermal and enzymatic treatments increase the antibacterial spectrum of hen egg white lysozyme in relation to oenological microorganisms.Peer Reviewe