57 research outputs found
Application of an in vitro test system for the selection of probiotic bacterial strains
The aim of our studies was to evaluate in vitro methods for the simple and efficient selection of putative probiotic bacterial strains. Of the possible methods, the following were tested: culturing on selective media, Gram staining, catalase assay, hemolytic, clonality and aggregation ability, gastric acid tolerance and bile acid tolerance. A total of 217 bacterial strains isolated from raw sheep’s milk, curdled milk and sheep’s cheese samples produced in Transylvania were included in our experiments. Isolates with hemolytic activity, as well as those exhibiting Gram-negative or catalase-positive phenotypes not characteristic of probiotics were excluded from our studies. Based on the results of RAPD-PCR studies suitable for the detection of individual-level polymorphisms, a total of 34 clone classes and 57 strains with unique RAPD patterns were identified. From each of the 34 clone classes thus narrowed, one strain was selected and tested for its aggregation ability, as well as its gastric acid and bile acid tolerance. High aggregation values above 70%, typical of probiotic strains, were measured in the case of a total of six isolates. In the course of the presence-absence studies conducted on the surface of solid media supplemented with acid or bile acid, it was possible to select several strains specifically tolerant to acid or bile acid. Based on our results, isolates to be included in further tests, e.g., in antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial activity assays, were selected
A Gibberella fujikuroi vegetatĂv inkompatibilitási rendszere, növĂ©nykĂłrtani Ă©s toxikolĂłgiai következmĂ©nyek = The vegetative incompatibility system of Gibberella fujikuroi, plant pathological and toxicological aspects
KutatĂłmunkánk során a növĂ©nykĂłrokozĂł, toxintermelĹ‘ fonalasgomba Fusarium proliferatum vegetatĂv inkompatibilitási rendszerĂ©nek megismerĂ©sĂ©t tűztĂĽk ki cĂ©lul. Munkánk során azonosĂtottuk Ă©s jellemeztĂĽk a F. proliferatum het-C homolĂłg gĂ©njĂ©t (fphch). MegállapĂtottuk, hogy a gĂ©n egy kĂłpiában van jelen a gomba genomjában, transzkripciĂłja egyenletes, a növekedĂ©s során nem változik. Az fphch gĂ©nen azonosĂtottuk azt a szakaszt, amely megfelel a Neurospora crassa het-C gĂ©n hipervariábilis domĂ©njĂ©nek. NyolcvankĂ©t F. proliferatum Ă©s a Gibberella fujikuroi fajkomplex párosodási tĂpus teszter törzseit analizálva megállapĂtottuk, hogy az fphch gĂ©n egyik esetben sem mutatott jelentĹ‘s mĂ©rtĂ©kű polimorfizmust, tehát ellentĂ©ben a N. crassa-val Ă©s hasonlĂłan a P. anserina-hoz valĂłszĂnűleg nem vesz rĂ©szt a faj vegetatĂv inkompatibilitási rendszerĂ©ben. Erre utal továbbá a mestersĂ©ges allĂ©lekkel vĂ©gzett transzformáciĂłs kĂsĂ©rletek eredmĂ©nye is. Az fphch gĂ©n kiĂĽtĂ©sĂ©vel prĂłbáltunk meg következtetni a gĂ©n funkciĂłjára. A vizsgált fenotĂpusok (morfolĂłgia, növekedĂ©si erĂ©ly, konĂdium kĂ©pzĂ©s) megfigyelĂ©se során nem találtunk kĂĽlönbsĂ©get a vad tĂpusĂş Ă©s a Δfphch transzformánsok között, tehát a gĂ©n nem befolyásolja lĂ©nyegesen a gomba Ă©letĂ©t laboratĂłriumi körĂĽlmĂ©nyek között. Nem találtunk kĂĽlönbsĂ©get továbbá a vegetatĂv kompatibilitási tesztek során sem. EgyedĂĽl a párosodást vizsgálĂł kĂsĂ©rletek hoztak eredmĂ©nyt: Δfphch transzformánsok sokkal kevĂ©sbĂ© voltak kĂ©pesek párosodni, mint a vad tĂpusĂş egyedek. | Our scientific goal was the better understanding of the vegetative incompatibility system of the plant pathogenic and toxin producing fungus Fusarium proliferatum using molecular biological techniques. In the course of our experimental work we identified and characterised the het-C homologue gene from F. proliferatum (fphch). We established that this is a one copy gene and its transcription is uniform during the life of the fungus. We analyzed 82 F. proliferatum strains and the mating type tester strains of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, but we could not find any significant polymorphism. This result suggests that fphch does not have a vegetative incompatibility function like to the hch gene of Podospora anserina and different from the het-C genes of Neurospora crassa. We got further evidence from the transformation experiment using wild type and artifical fphch alleles. We tried to get information about the function of the fphch gene by gene knock out. All Δfphch mutants grew normally without observable differencies in morphology or sporulation. However, when the sexual fertility was investigated, a significant losses of the female fertility of the Δfphch mutants was observed
Characterization of serratia species and qualitative detection of serratia marcescens in raw and pasteurized milk by an analytical method based on polymerase chain reaction
Serratia species are opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms primarily known as nosocomial infectious agents, which can also cause food quality problems. The appearance of the extracellular pigment-producing Serratia marcescens in cow’s milk causes its red discoloration, posing a challenge to the dairy industry and food certification laboratories. The detection of the bacterium by conventional procedures based on microbiological methods is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and in many cases does not lead to satisfactory results due to the competitive inhibitory effect of the accompanying microflora. Following the analysis of the relevant literature, the published endpoint PCR methods and the primers used for the detection of S. marcescens were evaluated in in silico and in vitro assays, and then the procedure was tested on farm milk samples. Using the method, a total of 60 raw and pasteurized milk samples were analyzed, more than half of which (i.e., 32) were identified as S. marcescens positive. The significance of our work is mainly represented by the application of the published test methods in food industry practice. Our results highlight to the importance of detecting this bacterial species
The causal impacts of empty stadiums on women’s sports activities
This paper examines the effect of spectators on women’s football games. COVID-19 and related restrictions
provide a unique opportunity with an adequate sample size to test the effect of lockdown on sports activities.
Studies have recently exploited this opportunity for men’s football to better understand the potential causes of
home advantage and, more specifically, assess the psychological consequences when matches are played without
supporters. Despite the increased scientific interest, there was only one paper that focused on women’s football.
Therefore, we aim to contribute to this research field by considering matches from four major European women’s
football leagues. The findings suggest that for three of these leagues, lockdown has a statistically significant effect
on the sanctioned yellow cards by either reducing the number of yellow cards sanctioned to the away teams or
increasing the number of yellow cards sanctioned to the home teams. Nonetheless, lockdown does not affect any
final match outcomes; therefore, it does not significantly affect the magnitude of home advantage for women’s
games
In vitro tesztrendszer alkalmazása probiotikus baktériumtörzsek szelektálására
Vizsgálataink cĂ©lja olyan in vitro mĂłdszerek Ă©rtĂ©kelĂ©se volt, amelyekkel egyszerűen Ă©s hatĂ©konyan lehet feltĂ©telezetten probiotikus baktĂ©riumtörzseket szelektálni. A szĂłba jöhetĹ‘ eljárások közĂĽl a következĹ‘ket teszteltĂĽk: szelektĂv táptalajon valĂł tenyĂ©sztĂ©s, Gram-festĂ©s, kataláz-prĂłba, hemolĂzis-, klonalitás-, aggregáciĂłs kĂ©pessĂ©g-, gyomorsavtűrĂ©s- Ă©s epesavtűrĂ©s-vizsgálat. KĂsĂ©rleteinkbe ErdĂ©lyben előállĂtott nyers juhtej-, aludttej- Ă©s juhsajt-mintákbĂłl izolált, összesen 217 db baktĂ©riumtörzset vontunk be. A hemolizálĂł Ă©s a probiotikumokra nem jellemzĹ‘ Gram-negatĂv, valamint kataláz-pozitĂv fenotĂpust mutatĂł izolátumokat kizártuk a vizsgálatokbĂłl. Az egyed szintű polimorfizmusok feltárására alkalmas RAPD-PCR vizsgálatok eredmĂ©nyei alapján összesen 34 klĂłnosztályt Ă©s 57 egyedi RAPD mintázattal rendelkezĹ‘ törzset kĂĽlönböztettĂĽnk meg. Az Ăgy leszűkĂtett 34 klĂłnosztálybĂłl egy-egy törzset kiválasztottunk, majd teszteltĂĽk azok aggregáciĂłs kĂ©pessĂ©gĂ©t, továbbá sav-, Ă©s epesav-tűrĂ©sĂ©t. Ă–sszesen hat izolátumnál mĂ©rtĂĽk a probiotikus törzsekre jellemzĹ‘en magas, 70% feletti aggregáciĂłs Ă©rtĂ©ket. A savval vagy epesavval kiegĂ©szĂtett szilárd táptalaj felĂĽletĂ©n vĂ©gzett jelenlĂ©t–hiány vizsgálatok során sikerĂĽlt több, kimondottan sav- Ă©s epesav-tűrĹ‘ törzset is szelektálnunk. EredmĂ©nyeink alapján kiválasztottuk a további tesztekbe – pl. antibiotikum-rezisztencia Ă©s antimikrobiális aktivitás vizsgálatokba – bevonandĂł izolátumokat
Serratia fajok jellemzĂ©se, valamint Serratia marcescens kvalitatĂv kimutatása nyers Ă©s pasztĹ‘rözött tejbĹ‘l polimeráz láncreakciĂłn alapulĂł vizsgálati mĂłdszerrel
A Serratia fajok elsĹ‘sorban nozokomiális (kĂłrházhigiĂ©nĂ©s fertĹ‘zĂ©s – a Szerk.) fertĹ‘zĹ‘kĂ©nt ismert opportunista patogĂ©n mikroorganizmusok, amelyek Ă©lelmiszerminĹ‘sĂ©gi elváltozásokat is okozhatnak. Az extracelluláris pigment-termelĹ‘ Serratia marcescens tehĂ©ntejben valĂł megjelenĂ©se annak piros elszĂnezĹ‘dĂ©sĂ©t okozza, kihĂvások elĂ© állĂtva a tejipart Ă©s az Ă©lelmiszer-minĹ‘sĂtĹ‘ laboratĂłriumokat. A baktĂ©rium kimutatása hagyományos mikrobiolĂłgiai mĂłdszereken alapulĂł eljárásokkal idĹ‘Ă©s munkaigĂ©nyes, ezen tĂşlmenĹ‘en sok esetben nem is vezet eredmĂ©nyre, a kĂsĂ©rĹ‘ mikroflĂłra kompetitĂv gátlĂł hatása miatt. A vonatkozĂł szakirodalom elemzĂ©sĂ©t követĹ‘en a S. marcescens kimutatása kapcsán publikált vĂ©gpont PCR mĂłdszereket Ă©s alkalmazott primereket in silico Ă©s in vitro vizsgálatban Ă©rtĂ©keltĂĽk, majd az eljárást ĂĽzemi tejmintákon teszteltĂĽk. A mĂłdszer alkalmazásával összesen 60 db nyers, illetve pasztĹ‘rözött tejmintát vizsgáltunk meg, amelyeknek több mint felĂ©t (32 db-ot) azonosĂtottuk S. marcescens pozitĂvkĂ©nt. Munkánk jelentĹ‘sĂ©gĂ©t legfĹ‘kĂ©pp a publikált vizsgálati mĂłdszerek Ă©lelmiszeripari gyakorlatban valĂł alkalmazása adja. EredmĂ©nyeink felhĂvják a figyelmet e baktĂ©riumfaj detektálásának a fontosságára
Növényi RNS degradációs rendszerek: a nonsense-mediated decay rendszer molekuláris biológiája = RNA degradation systems in plants: the molecular biology of nonsense-mediated decay system
A program cĂ©lja a növĂ©nyi Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) rendszer molekuláris biolĂłgiájának megismerĂ©se volt. Az NMD egy Ĺ‘si eukariĂłta minĹ‘sĂ©gbiztosĂtási rendszer, amely felismeri Ă©s lebontja a korai stop kodonokat (PTC) tartalmazĂł mRNS-eket, ezáltal megelĹ‘zi a csonka, domináns-negatĂv mutáns fehĂ©rjĂ©k kĂ©pzĹ‘dĂ©sĂ©t. A program során kimutattuk, hogy a növĂ©nyi NMD rendszer PTC-kĂ©nt ismer fel minden stop kodont, amely utána 3'UTR rĂ©giĂł szokatlanul hosszĂş, vagy ahol a 3'UTR-ban intron találhatĂł. AzonosĂtottuk a növĂ©nyi NMD rendszer 6 transz faktorát, Ă©s kimutattuk, hogy a kĂ©tfĂ©le NMD cisz elem felismerĂ©s csak rĂ©szben átfedĹ‘ gĂ©nkĂ©szletet igĂ©nyel. Igazoltuk, hogy a PTC tartalmĂş növĂ©nyi transzkriptek kĂ©tfĂ©le Ăşton bomolhatnak le, az SMG-7, illetve a UPF1 irányĂtotta Ăştvonalon. Kimutattuk, hogy az utĂłbbi XRN4 5'-3' exonukleázt igĂ©nyel. Munkánk során bizonyĂtottuk, hogy a növĂ©nyi NMD autoregulált, az SMG-7 NMD faktort az NMD negatĂvan regulálja. VĂ©gĂĽl eredmĂ©nyeink alapján egy Ăşj eukariĂłta NMD evolĂşciĂłs modellt dolgoztunk ki. | The aim of this project was to understand the molecular basis of plant Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) system. NMD is an ancient eukaryotic quality control system that identifies and degrades mRNAs containing premature termination codons (PTC), thereby preventing the accumulation of truncated dominant-negative mutant proteins. During this project we have shown that plant NMD system identifies any stop codon as a PTC if the 3'UTR is unusually long or if the 3' UTR contains an intron. We have identified 6 NMD trans factors and shown that the two NMD cis elements identification system requires overlapping but not identical gene sets. We have demonstrated that PTC containing mRNAs can be degraded by two pathways, one is mediated by SMG-7 and another is controlled by UPF1. XRN4 exonuclease is required only for the UPF1 mediated pathway. We have shown that plant NMD is an autoregulated system as SMG-7 NMD trans factor is negatively regulated by NMD. Finally, we have elaborated a new model for the evolution of eukaryotic NMD systems
A földhasználat változásainak hatása az éghajlat múltbeli alakulására = Impact of land-use changes on climate in the past
A Tisza magyarországi sĂkvidĂ©ki vĂzgyűjtĹ‘ terĂĽletĂ©re megállapĂtottuk, hogy 1951 Ă©s 2000 között az albedĂłváltozások miatt átlagosan 0,6 Wm-2-es emelkedĂ©s ment vĂ©gbe a lĂ©gkör rövidhullámĂş sugárzási mĂ©rlegĂ©ben. E változás a 6 Kelet-magyarországi megyĂ©ben 0,3 Ă©s 1,0 Wm-2 közĂ© esett. A földhasználat 1959 Ă©s 1999 közötti változásának hatásait az MM5 modellt 6x6 km-es felbontással vizsgáltuk az egĂ©sz országra a megyei földhasználati változások megyĂ©ken belĂĽl vĂ©letlenszerű elosztásával. A legnagyobb hatás a maximumhĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©kletnĂ©l mutatkozott, jĂşnius-jĂşliusban 0,3 oC, a nyári fĂ©lĂ©vben 0,2 oC melegedĂ©ssel. Az ország keleti felĂ©ben, ahol a művelĂ©s nagyobb arányĂş, a melegedĂ©s is erĹ‘sebb. A relatĂv nedvessĂ©g 0,7 %-os csökkenĂ©se fĹ‘leg a melegedĂ©ssel magyarázhatĂł. VĂ©gĂĽl az MM5 modellt több ponton elĹ‘relĂ©pve használtuk: (i.) SzámĂtásaink a kutatáshoz kapcsolĂłdĂł önállĂł tĂ©rkĂ©pezĂ©s nyomán, a teljes XX. századot fogták át. (ii.) TĂ©nyleges terĂĽleti adatokat használtunk a megyei átlag-arányok vĂ©letlen elosztása helyett. (iii.) A modell felbontását 2,5x2,5 km-re sűrĂtettĂĽk. E számĂtások nyomán a napi közĂ©phĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet országos átlagban 0,14 oC-kal emelkedett, s emiatt a harmatpont 0,17 oC-kal csökkent. Lokálisan kimutathatĂł a fĹ‘város erĹ‘teljes terjeszkedĂ©sĂ©nek Ă©s a Tisza-tĂł Ăşj vĂzfelĂĽletĂ©nek a hatása. A csapadĂ©k országos átlagai mindkĂ©t számĂtásban közel változatlanok, ám egyes idĹ‘járási helyzetekben a kĂ©t napos csapadĂ©kösszegek több tĂz mm-rel kĂĽlönböztek a földhasználat dátumátĂłl fĂĽggĹ‘en. | It was established that the short-wave energy balance of the atmosphere increased by 0.6 Wm-2 in 1951-2000 over the plain part of the river Tisza watershed in Hungary due to changes in the surface albedo. This change varied between 0.3 and 1.0 Wm-2 in the corresponding 6 counties of East Hungary. Land-use change effects in 1959-1999 were studied in the MM5 model with 6x6 km resolution for the whole country by random redistribution of the county-mean differences. The largest effect occurred in the maximum temperature with 0.3 K warming in June-July, and 0.2 K for the summer half-year. In East-Hungary, where the managed vegetation covered larger part of the area, the warming was also stronger. The 0,7 % decrease of the relative humidity over the country is explained by the higher air temperatures. Finally, the MM5 was run with further improvements (i) The whole 20th century was studied. (ii) The real, site-specific land use data were used, already. (iii) The model was run in 2.5x2.5 km resolution. The diurnal mean temperature increased by 0.14 K between the start and end of the Century. The dew-point temperature decreased by 0.17 K for the same reason. Local effects of urbanisation around Budapest and those from the new water surface of the Tisza-lake were also detectable. Country-wide mean precipitations did not change a lot, but the differences in the land-use led to a few times ten mm differences in the showers under selected weather conditions
Reprodukciós stratégiák a Gibberella fujikuroiban = Reproduction strategies of Gibberella fujikuroi
Az ivarosan szaporodĂł Gibberella/Fusarium-fajokban MAT gĂ©nek ellenĹ‘rzik a párosodást, de a nemzetsĂ©g "aszexuális" tagjainak is vannak működĹ‘kĂ©pes, konstitutĂvan átĂrĂłdĂł párosodási tĂpus gĂ©njeik. A MAT gĂ©nek transzkripciĂłs faktorokat kĂłdolnak, amelyek az ivaros szaporodás szabályozásán kĂvĂĽl más gĂ©nekre is hatással lehetnek. Amikor összehasonlĂtottuk a F. verticillioides DeltaFvMAT1-2-1 mutánsának transzkripciĂłs profilját a vad tĂpusĂş szĂĽlĹ‘törzsĂ©vel, több mint 200 olyan EST szekvenciát azonosĂtottunk, amelyek vagy alul- vagy felĂĽl-regulálĂłdtak a mutánsban. A mutánsban felĂĽl-regulálĂłdott EST-ek között gyakran fordultak elĹ‘ a fehĂ©rjeszintĂ©zisben Ă©s az anyagcserĂ©ben rĂ©sztvevĹ‘ fehĂ©rjĂ©ket kĂłdolĂł szekvenciák, mĂg az alul-regulálĂłdott EST-ek között többsĂ©gben voltak a jelátvitelben, Ă©s a sejtek közötti kommunikáciĂłban Ă©rintett szekvenciák. A csökkent fertilitás valĂłszĂnűleg több olyan gĂ©n mutáciĂłjával magyarázhatĂł, mely mutáciĂłk nĹ‘i sterilitást okoznak. Vizsgáltuk a F. proliferatum több gĂ©n-diszrupciĂłs mutánsának párosodási kĂ©pessĂ©gĂ©t. Az Fpac1, az Fpmtr1 Ă©s az Fpnitr1 nyilvánvalĂłan eltĂ©rĹ‘ szintĂ©zis utakban dolgozĂł fehĂ©rjĂ©ket kĂłdolnak, mĂ©gis, mindhárom gĂ©n inaktiválása csökkentette a nĹ‘i fertilitást. Számos olyan gĂ©n van tehát, amelynek nincs közvetlen kapcsolata a párosodással, de mĂ©gis befolyásolni kĂ©pes az ivaros szaporodás gyakoriságát, ami arra utal, hogy ez a folyamat több, a nĹ‘i fertilitással/sterilitással közvetlenĂĽl nem összefĂĽggĹ‘ faktor egybehangolt működĂ©sĂ©t igĂ©nyli. | Fusarium species, which have a well documented sexual stage mate in either a homothallic or heterothallic manner, but a great number of species have no known sexual stage. Mating in sexually reproducing species is controlled by MAT genes, but "asexual" members of the genus also have functional, constitutively transcribed mating type genes. The MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 encode transcription factors which, besides controlling sexual reproduction, may affect other genes not involved directly in the mating process. By comparing the transcript profiles of a DeltaFvMAT1-2-1 knock out mutant and the wild type of F. verticillioides more than 200 ESTs, either down- or up-regulated in the mutant were identified. Sequences, encoding proteins involved in protein synthesis and metabolism occurred more frequently among ESTs up-regulated in the mutant, while sequences involved in cell signaling were more frequent in the down-regulated subset of ESTs. The lack of fertility in fungi are probably due to changes in one or more of numerous genes that cause female sterility. A number of gene disruption mutants of F. proliferatum were assessed for their mating capabilities. Fpac1, Fpmtr1, and Fpnitr1 encode proteins in seemingly un-related pathways, but mutations at any of these loci can reduce female fertility. Thus, a number of genes can influence the frequency of sexual reproduction indicating that this process requires the concerted operation of many factors not obviously connected to female sterility
Follow-Up of Thrombin Generation after Prostate Cancer Surgery: Global Test for Increased Hypercoagulability
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