Instrumental Resolution of the Chopper Spectrometer 4SEASONS Evaluated by Monte Carlo Simulation

We performed simulations of the resolution function of the 4SEASONS spectrometer at J-PARC by using the Monte Carlo simulation package McStas. The simulations showed reasonably good agreement with analytical calculations of energy and momentum resolutions by using a simplified description. We implemented new functionalities in Utsusemi, the standard data analysis tool used in 4SEASONS, to enable visualization of the simulated resolution function and predict its shape for specific experimental configurations.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Time-domain Brillouin scattering assisted by diffraction gratings

Absorption of ultrashort laser pulses in a metallic grating deposited on a transparent sample launches coherent compression/dilatation acoustic pulses in directions of different orders of acoustic diffraction. Their propagation is detected by the delayed laser pulses, which are also diffracted by the metallic grating, through the measurement of the transient intensity change of the first order diffracted light. The obtained data contain multiple frequency components which are interpreted by considering all possible angles for the Brillouin scattering of light achieved through the multiplexing of the propagation directions of light and coherent sound by the metallic grating. The emitted acoustic field can be equivalently presented as a superposition of the plane inhomogeneous acoustic waves, which constitute an acoustic diffraction grating for the probe light. Thus, the obtained results can also be interpreted as a consequence of probe light diffraction by both metallic and acoustic gratings. The realized scheme of time-domain Brillouin scattering with metallic grating operating in reflection mode provides access to acoustic frequencies from the minimal to the maximal possible in a single experimental configuration for the directions of probe light incidence and scattered light detection. This is achieved by monitoring of the backward and forward Brillouin scattering processes in parallel. Applications include measurements of the acoustic dispersion, simultaneous determination of sound velocity and optical refractive index, and evaluation of the samples with a single direction of possible optical access.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl

An examination of the processes by which construal level affects the implicit evaluation of goal relevant stimuli.

Previous research has found that construal level—how abstractly or concretely people represent events—can impact implicit evaluations. Abstract high-level construal (vs. concrete low-level construal) promotes evaluative responses consistent with global (strongly held, long-term) rather than local (short-term, situational) goals. It remains unclear by what cognitive process(es) this occurs. In this paper, we examine two possibilities. High-level construal might enhance the unintended influence of activated evaluative associations or facilitate the detection and implementation of intentional responses. To examine these possibilities, the current study applies a multinomial processing tree model to data from Fujita and Han (2009). Results suggest that high-level construal facilitates goal-consistent evaluations by increasing both the unintentional influence of activated goal-consistent positive associations and the intentional detection of and implementation of accurate responding to goal-relevant stimuli. These findings extend our understanding of how construal level promotes goal consistent evaluations

Horizontal distribution and annual fluctuations in abundance of settled juveniles of the black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii in Hiroshima Bay, Japan

広島湾においてクロダイ稚魚の着底・成育に適した環境条件を把握する目的で，同湾沿岸の稚魚の生息密度を明らかにした。稚魚は2006–2009年6–7月に広島湾内18定点で採集した（n=2,488）。さらに，調査定点のうち最も高い稚魚密度（35.83 inds./100m2）を観測した能美島鹿田において，2013–2016年の7–9月にかけて稚魚を採集し（n=1,588），密度の年変動を観察した。その結果，広島湾の全平均密度は3.78 inds./100m2となり，密度の高い4定点はいずれも厳島，能美島西岸であった。密度が高い定点の特徴として，潮流が物理的に遮られた静穏域の砂浜帯で，淡水流入があることが挙げられた。密度には年変動があり，近年は減少傾向にあることが判明した。広島湾クロダイの資源加入量が低下している可能性が示唆された。To obtain basic information on the optimal nursery grounds for black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii recruits, juvenile density in Hiroshima Bay was calculated. Juveniles (n=2,488) were collected from 18 sampling stations around Hiroshima Bay using surf zone nets during the early summer from 2006 to 2009. to assess the annual fluctuations of juvenile density, samples were continuously caught from one station (St. 1) on the western side of Noumishima Island from 2013 to 2016. Relatively high densities were recorded from four stations (St. 1, 2, 6 and 10) located along the Ohno Seto Strait and the western side of Noumishima Island. These sampling stations shared three common characteristics that likely explain the observed higher juvenile density, namely (1) moderate currents with calm areas protected by physical barrier, (2) sandy muddy beaches (tidal flats) and (3) freshwater inflows or run-off. Juvenile density showed an annual decreasing trend, suggesting that fish stock levels of black sea bream are declining in Hiroshima Bay

Thermal stability of α-Ga2O3 films grown on c-plane sapphire substrates via mist-CVD

The thermal stability of α-Ga2O3 films grown on c-plane sapphire substrates was investigated. A strong correlation was found between thermal stability and film thickness: the more the α-Ga2O3 films maintained the α-phase upon heating at higher annealing temperature, the thinner they were. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that the phase transition of the α-Ga2O3 film to the thermodynamically most stable β-phase had the orientation relationship of β-Ga2O3 [2̄ 01] || sapphire [0001]. High-temperature x-ray diffraction measurement for the α-Ga2O3 film showed the relationship of β-Ga2O3 [4̄ 01]/[301] || sapphire [0001] as well. The dependence of the stability boundary on the film thickness originates from a thermal stress caused by a larger thermal expansion coefficient of α-Ga2O3 than that of sapphire. Relaxation of residual stress by introducing a selective area growth technique enhanced the thermal stability of α-Ga2O3 so that α-Ga2O3 maintained the corundum structure upon heating at 800 °C, although a small diffraction peak from β-Ga2O3 was detected by x-ray diffraction measurement. The enhanced thermal stability of α-Ga2O3 widens device process windows as well as growth windows

Natural band alignment of MgO1−xSx\rm MgO_{1-x}S_{x} alloys

We have calculated formation enthalpies, band gaps, and natural band alignment for $\rm MgO_{1-x}S_{x}$ alloys by first principles calculation based on density functional theory. The calculated formation enthalpies show that the $\rm MgO_{1-x}S_{x}$ alloys exhibit a large miscibilitygap, and a metastable region was found to occur when the S content was below 18% or over 87%. Effect of S incorporation for band gaps of $\rm MgO_{1-x}S_{x}$ alloys shows large bowing parameter (b $\simeq$ 13 eV) induced. The dependence of the band lineup of $\rm MgO_{1-x}S_{x}$ alloys on the S content by using two different methods, and the change in the energy position of valence band maximum (VBM) was larger than that of conduction band minimum. Based on the calculated VBM positions, we predicted that $\rm MgO_{1-x}S_{x}$ with S content 10 to 18% can be surface charge transfer doping by high electron affinity materials. The present work provides an example to design for p-type oxysulfide materials.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figure

New directions in self-regulation: the role of metamotivational beliefs

Research on self-regulation has primarily focused on how people exert control over their thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Less attention has been paid to the ways in which people manage their motivational states in the service of achieving valued goals. In the present paper, we explore an emerging line of research that focuses on people’s beliefs about their own motivation (i.e., their metamotivational knowledge), as well as the influence of these beliefs on their selection of regulatory strategies. In particular, we review evidence showing that people are often quite sensitive to the fact that distinct motivational states (e.g., eagerness vs. vigilance) are adaptive for different kinds of tasks. We also discuss how other metamotivational beliefs are inaccurate on average (e.g., beliefs about how rewards affect intrinsic motivation). Finally, we consider the implications of metamotivation research for the field of self-regulation and discuss future directions