Taxonomy and Ecology of the Inconnu, Stenodus Leucichthys Nelma, in Alaska

A taxonomic and life history study of the inconnu was carried out on populations from the Kobuk, Chatanika, and upper Yukon Rivers, and Selawik, Alaska. Data on 24 morphological measurements and 11 meristic counts show little difference among: 1) males and females; 2) young and older inconnu; and 3) fish from the upper Yukon River, Chatanika River, Selawik, and Kobuk River in Alaska and the Ob River, USSR. Based on close agreement of these counts and measurements, the inconnu in Alaska is designated as Stenodus leufifhthys nelma (Pallas). For arctic fish, the inconnu exhibits a rapid growth rate. Growth rates for males and females are similar, but females live longer than males. Alaskan inconnu become sexually mature quite late in life (for Selawik males, 9 years; females, 10 years). Spawning behavior is described. Spawning occurred in the Kobuk River above Kobuk the last days of September at water temperatures betwen 1/4 and 4.6 C. Older inconnu are mainly piscivorous while the younger fish feed on invertebrates and fish. The least cisco, Coregonus sardinella, was the main food item of the Selawik inconnu. The estimated catch in Northwest Alaska in 1965 was between 34,200 and 37,000 fish, 85% of which were taken for subsistence

The Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, open pound roe-on-kelp experimental fishery in San Francisco Bay, 1988 to 1989

The experimental open pound herring roe-on-kelp (ROK) fishery was studied in San Francisco Bay from the second week of December 1988 through the third week of February 1989. Three spawning runs were fished successfully by four operations consisting of six permittees. A total of 47.1 tons of herring ROK was packed this season. Giant kelp, Macrocystis sp., was harvested from the Santa Barbara Channel Islands and trucked to San Francisco for hanging on the pounds. Sources of high-quality giant kelp in California were difficult to locate this season because of unfavorable oceanographic conditions during the winter months. ROK was sampled at each shoreside processing facility. There were no significant differences in ROK blade measurements or roe densities among the permittees. ROK densities ranged from 0.250 to 0.699 g/cm2. Plastic totes containing processed ROK averaged 1756 lbs total gross weight. Totes contained an average of 42.3% ROK by weight. Siltation of ROK harvested in south San Francisco Bay continued to be a problem. High winds damaged rafts in December 1988. Gear conflicts were reported between ROK and herring roe permittees. (25pp.

The Economics of the Apartment Market in the 1990s

This paper examines fundamental and investment demand for rental apartments in the 1990s. Demographic and economic trends fuel the demand for rental housing. While rental demand in the U.S. as a whole will be somewhat weak in the 1990s, demand will be strong for areas with high in-migration, due to the younger age characteristics of movers, and the high costs of homeownership in many regions. Apartments represent one of the few real estate product classes in which demand will outpace supply in the 1990s. This impending supply-demand imbalance will result in substantial increases in real rents and investment values in select apartment markets across the country. This report proceeds to describe some of the major financial, economic and demographic conditions that will create attractive investment opportunities for institutional-grade apartment investments in the 1990s.

The promised city: openness and immigration in the making of a world metropolis

This article was the keynote address for a conference organized by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in April 2005, "Urban Dynamics in New York City." The goal of the conference was threefold: to examine the historical transformations of the engine-of-growth industries in New York and distill the main determinants of the city's historical dominance as well as the challenges to its continued success; to study the nature and evolution of immigration flows into New York; and to analyze recent trends in a range of socioeconomic outcomes, both for the general population and recent immigrants more specifically.Economic conditions - New York (N.Y.) ; Federal Reserve District, 2nd ; Immigrants

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, studies in San Francisco and Tomales Bays, April 1989 to March 1990

Herring schools were surveyed hydroacoustically in San Francisco Bay from early November 1989 through mid March 1990. Seven large schools (>1000 tons) and two smaller ones were detected. The total acoustic biomass estimate based on visual integration was 58,100 tons. Merging with the independent spawn escapement estimate yielded a "best" estimate of 64,500 tons. Sixty-three samples, containing 10,239 herring, were collected. Patterns evident in prior seasons continue. Larger, older fish continue to dominate early season schools. Males continue to be numerically superior during the first half of the season. Mean size and weight at age suggest conditions following the 1988-89 season were not favorable for growth. Contrary to forecasts, the 1988 year class recruitment strength was high; second only to the 1982 year class. Although still being validated, forecasts suggest the 1989 year class will be strong and the 1990 year class will be extremely weak. (64pp.

Water for thirsty industry

(11 page pamphlet

The Changing Spatial Concentration of America’s Rural Poor Population

This paper documents changing patterns of concentrated poverty in nonmetro areas. Data from the 1970 through 2000 U.S. Census Summary Files reveal the changing shares of poor people and children living in rural counties with disproportionately poor populations. Nonmetro poverty rates – both overall and for children – declined more rapidly than metro rates in the 1990s. The 1990s also brought large reductions in the number of high-poverty nonmetro counties, and declines in the share of rural people, including rural poor people, who were living in them. In particular, the number and percentage of rural people living in extremely poor counties (i.e., over 40 percent) declined dramatically. This suggests a “drying up” of America’s rural pockets of poverty and indicates a decline in spatial inequality in nonmetro America, at least at the county level. On a less optimistic note, concentrated poverty among rural minorities remains exceptionally high (e.g., almost one-half of rural blacks live in poor counties). Moreover, the recent transformation of concentrated rural poverty may be short-lived. Rural children – especially rural minority children -- have poverty rates well above national and nonmetro rates, the concentration of rural minority children is often extreme (i.e., over 90 percent lived in high-poverty counties), and the number of nonmetro counties with high levels of persistent child poverty remains high. Rural children may be more disadvantaged than ever, if measured by their lack of exposure to middle-class role models, and their economic divergence with the rest of the nation’s children

Implications of Hydrocarbon and Helium Gas Analyses of Springs from the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas

One hundred and three ground water samples (predominantly springs) were analyzed for headspace light hydrocarbon gases and helium. Four of the formations (Arkansas Novaculite, Bigfork Chert, Stanley Shale, and Womble) having the highest mean methane values are the only Ouachita Mountain facies to produce petroleum or exhibit marginally commercial production. This observation suggests that the mean methane values are useful as an indication of the relative hydrocarbon content of these formations Anomalous helium values are generally associated with mapped faults

The Changing Faces of America’s Children and Youth

Recent U.S. Census Bureau projections indicate that by the middle of this century, non-Hispanic whites will cease to be a majority of the American population. In this article we document how for America’s youngest residents, the future is already here. America’s rapidly changing racial and ethnic composition has important implications for intergroup relations, ethnic identities, and electoral politics