37 research outputs found
Soil Tillage Responses to the Climate Threats â Revaluation of the Classic Theories
Prevention and alleviation of the climate induced damages by soil management is a great challenge in our regional agriculture nowadays. This study fulfils two aims. In the first aim ploughing was evaluated by fifteen factors in wet and dry soils. The evaluation related mainly to quality of the disturbed layer of soil, and the impact of ploughing on moisture transport and the weed infestation. In addition, the reasonability of twelve classic theories related to ploughing under the present climate conditions were reviewed. The main conclusion of this review is that the inverting practice requires impartial revaluation both in national and regional relation. The second aim was comparing the effects of tillage treatments on soil condition in the past seven extreme seasons. In a long-term experiment six treatments comprised deep â 0.30 m (that is loosening, L, ploughing, P, and tine tillage, T) â, and shallow â 0.22 m, (that is tine tillage, ST and disking, D) â soil disturbance along with direct drilling (DD). The rank reflects the suitability of each treatment for soil preservation in the extreme circumstances. After all, soil tillage adaptability to wet soil condition were (from adequate to the unsuitable) as follows: ST>T=L>DD>P>D. Rank of the treatments slightly modified in dry soil, i.e.: ST>DD>T>L>D>P
Climate Induced Soil Deterioration and Methods for Mitigation
According to prognoses milder winters with more precipitation, warmer and dry summers, and extreme fluctuations in the precipitation and temperature should be expected in the Pannonian region from the 2nd decade of the 21st century. The first aim of this study was to discuss the predicted climate phenomena endangering regional soils and deploying methods of measures in the alleviation. Examples of soils deterioration to be typical in seasons and confirmation that tillage should be an important tool realising soil preservation solutions in the practice are presented. Considering the predicted climate extremes most of classical beliefs are to be supervised. The effects of the rain stress e.g. washing dust and clay colloids down, surface siltation, soil settlement, extension of the existing compact layer and deteriorating crumb fraction in regional soils are demonstrated. Negative impacts of the drought stress on soils are also presented, among others, soil desiccation, unutilised water below serious pan layers, crumb reduction and increased dust and crust formation. The first evidence of the investigation is that climate will be more incalculable in the next decades, and for this reason applying mitigation methods is really urgent. The second evidence refers to the soil tillage which could take part in the degree of climate induced damages through soil condition modification
A sokszĂĄntĂĄsos mƱvelĂ©stĆl a direktvetĂ©sig â ElĆrehaladĂĄs a talaj mƱvelĂ©sĂ©ben Ă©s vĂ©delmĂ©ben
Jelen dolgozatban kĂ©t cĂ©lt jelöltĂŒnk ki. Az elsĆ cĂ©l a talajmƱvelĂ©s hazai fejlĆdĂ©sĂ©t nehezĂtĆ Ă©s elĆsegĂtĆ körĂŒlmĂ©nyek elemzĂ©se, egyĂșttal a karcagi kutatĂĄsi eredmĂ©nyek kiemelĂ©se volt. A fejlĆdĂ©st az Ășn. sokszĂĄntĂĄsos mƱvelĂ©s alkalmazĂĄsĂĄtĂłl (1800-as Ă©vektĆl) napjainkig kĂsĂ©rtĂŒk nyomon. A mĂĄsodik cĂ©l nĂ©gy jeles elĆd munkĂĄssĂĄgĂĄnak felidĂ©zĂ©sĂ©vel pĂ©ldĂĄt kĂvĂĄntunk adni a hazai talajmƱvelĂ©s fejlesztĂ©sĂ©Ă©rt tett erĆfeszĂtĂ©sekrĆl.
A talajmƱvelĂ©s fejlĆdĂ©sĂ©nek voltak akadĂĄlyai Ășgy, mint egyes ökolĂłgiai körĂŒlmĂ©nyek â nehĂ©z mƱvelĂ©sƱ talajok, idĆjĂĄrĂĄsi szĂ©lsĆsĂ©gek â, körĂŒlmĂ©nyekhez alkalmas vonĂłerĆ- Ă©s mƱvelĆgĂ©p hiĂĄny, hĂĄborĂșk, a szaktudĂĄs jelentĆs elmaradĂĄsa a Nyugat-eurĂłpaihoz hasonlĂtva, tovĂĄbbĂĄ a talajok minĆsĂ©gĂ©t veszĂ©lyeztetĆ mƱvelĂ©si szokĂĄsok kialakulĂĄsa Ă©s tartĂłs fennmaradĂĄsa. A fejlĆdĂ©st elĆmozdĂtottĂĄk az eurĂłpai kitekintĂ©sƱ szakĂrĂłk, a szaksajtĂł a segĂtĆ cikkek, szakmai vitĂĄk Ă©s az ĂșjdonsĂĄgok közlĂ©sĂ©vel, a kĂsĂ©rleti intĂ©zetek lĂ©trejötte, a kĂsĂ©rletezĂ©s megindulĂĄsa. A tudomĂĄnyok elĆrehaladĂĄsa a talajok Ă©s a mƱvelĂ©s egzakt leĂrĂĄsĂĄt, Ășj, hazai termĆhelyekre alkalmas mĂłdszerek kidolgozĂĄsĂĄt tette lehetĆvĂ©.
A Karcagi KutatĂłintĂ©zet megalakulĂĄsĂĄnak kezdetĂ©tĆl nem csak bekapcsolĂłdott a talajmƱvelĂ©s Ă©s kapcsolĂłdĂł tudomĂĄny terĂŒletek fejlesztĂ©sĂ©be, hanem tevĂ©kenysĂ©gĂ©vel Ășj, nagy tĂ©rsĂ©gben hasznosĂthatĂł tĂ©mĂĄkat munkĂĄlt ki. A vonatkozĂł publikĂĄciĂłk elemzĂ©se sorĂĄn megĂĄllapĂthatĂł, hogy
- A Karcagi KutatĂłintĂ©zetben kimunkĂĄlt eredmĂ©nyek a tudomĂĄny elĆrehaladĂĄsĂĄt Ă©s a gyakorlat szemlĂ©letvĂĄltĂĄsĂĄt az orszĂĄg mĂĄs termĆhelyein mƱködĆ intĂ©zmĂ©nyekkel â MosonmagyarĂłvĂĄr, Keszthely, MartonvĂĄsĂĄr, Kompolt, GödöllĆ, NyĂregyhĂĄza, Debrecen, Szeged â harmĂłniĂĄban, gyakran egyĂŒttmƱködĂ©sben segĂtettĂ©k elĆ. Ezzel egyĂŒtt a tĂ©rsĂ©gi talajok jobbĂtĂĄsa az elsĆ Ă©vektĆl napjainkig kiemelt feladat maradt.
- A tĂ©rsĂ©gben akut mƱvelĂ©si Ă©s talajjavĂtĂĄsi feladatok megoldĂĄsĂĄval pĂĄrhuzamosan folyt a csernozjom, rĂ©ti Ă©s szikes talajok tulajdonsĂĄgainak megismerĂ©se, valamint adott mƱvelĂ©si beavatkozĂĄsok hatĂĄsainak Ă©rtelmezĂ©se.
- A nehĂ©z mƱvelĂ©sƱ talajok ĂĄllapotĂĄnak javĂtĂĄsĂĄra kidolgozott periĂłdusos mĂ©lymƱvelĂ©si rendszer orszĂĄgos elterjedĂ©sĂ©t elĆbb ĂĄllami tĂĄmogatĂĄs, majd az alkalmazĂłk kedvezĆ tapasztalatai mozdĂtottĂĄk elĆ.
- A talajĂĄllapot javulĂĄsa a mƱvelĂ©si rendszerek Ă©sszerƱsĂtĂ©sĂ©t, a mƱvelĂ©si mĂ©lysĂ©g okszerƱ â ökonĂłmiai szempontbĂłl is kedvezĆ â vĂĄltogatĂĄsĂĄt tette lehetĆvĂ©.
- A nagy agyagtartalmĂș Ă©s a kĂ©miailag hibĂĄs talajokon bizonyĂtĂĄst nyert a mĂ©lyĂtĆ mƱvelĂ©s, a trĂĄgyĂĄzĂĄs Ă©s talajjavĂtĂĄs egyĂŒttes alkalmazĂĄsĂĄnak hasznossĂĄga.
- A mĂ©lymƱvelĂ©si mĂłdszerek, valamint a magĂĄgy minĆsĂ©g vĂĄltozatok vizsgĂĄlatainak eredmĂ©nyei között a talajvĂ©delmi ajĂĄnlĂĄsok napjainkban is megĂĄlljĂĄk a helyĂŒket.
- A fenntarthatĂł fejlĆdĂ©ssel harmĂłniĂĄban lĂ©vĆ talajhasznĂĄlati, talaj- Ă©s környezetvĂ©delmi, vĂzgazdĂĄlkodĂĄsi kutatĂĄsok eddig elĂ©rt eredmĂ©nyei a tovĂĄbbi feladatokat alapozzĂĄk, Ă©s kiszĂ©lesedĂ©sĂŒket segĂtik.
- A Karcagi KutatĂłintĂ©zet fejlĆdĂ©sre ösztönzĆ környezetĂ©ben bontakozott ki Sipos SĂĄndor Ă©s Nyiri LĂĄszlĂł tudĂłs szakĂrĂłk munkĂĄssĂĄga. A gyakorlatot segĂtĆ tudomĂĄnyos eredmĂ©nyeik, cikkeik Ă©s könyveik mellett szĂĄmos olyan tanĂtvĂĄnyt neveltek ki, kik ma a talajmƱvelĂ©s Ă©s a kapcsolĂłdĂł tudomĂĄnyterĂŒletek meghatĂĄrozĂł szemĂ©lyisĂ©gei
Impact of abiotic stress factors on the performance of viability and initial development of soybean (Glycine Soya L. Merr) seeds
Review of soil tillage history and new challenges in Hungary
This study provides an overview of the development of soil tillage in Hungary. The primary goal is to present factors that have been promoting and hindering progress in tillage from the first authoritative records â from the eleventh century â up to now when soil tillage became a tool in the climate damage mitigation methods. Progress was restricted during the first eight hundred years of the history of tillage by lack of expertise and the use of primitive tools. In retrospect, much of the traditions are regarded as obstacles to progress while the adoption of certain foreign trends fostered development in most cases. The history of the development of tillage in Hungary is divided into seven eras, with equal positive and negative impacts on the quality of the soils. The quality of soils was threatened before 1900 primarily by the multi-ploughing systems, while reasonable tillage offered a chance for improvement. The geographical location of Hungary in Europe and the Hungarian language entailed a certain degree of isolation as well. It may have been the reason why Hungarian reasonable tillage could not become a forerunner of minimum tillage. New soil tillage methods developed abroad had influenced primarily education and experiments carried out in Hungary. After the regime change, however, such methods came to be driving progress in practice as well, thanks to a widened horizon. In 1998 soil conservation tillage were used on about 25 per cent of the total sown land, however, a decade and a half later the area cultivated by conservation methods had doubled. A survey conducted five years ago found that significant progress had been made in soil conservation tillage in dry seasons but the achievements are often eroded by return to the conventional modes during wet seasons