21 research outputs found
Study protocol: the effects of work-site exercise on the physical fitness and work-ability of older workers
BACKGROUND: Older workers have a higher rate and cost of injury than younger workers and with a rapidly ageing work force there is a need to identify strategies to address this problem. Older workers are less physically active and fit than younger workers and so have reduced work ability. The reduced work ability means they are more likely to be fatigued at work and so at greater risk of injury. Exercise could potentially assist this problem. Exercise training has been previously shown to improve fitness in older people however there has been no evaluation of workplace exercise program for older workers. We do not know if the programs are feasible and can improve the fitness and work ability of older workers. We have designed a randomised controlled trial to evaluate whether exercise improves fitness and perceived work-ability of older workers. METHODS/DESIGN: This paper describes the protocol for a trial examining the effects of a 12-week physical training program in workers over the age of 45. Participants will be randomized to an exercise or no-intervention control group. The primary outcomes are cardiorespiratory endurance, lifting capacity, upper and lower limb strength and perceived work-ability. DISCUSSION: This trial will test the feasibility of implementing a worksite-based exercise program as a means of improving the physical fitness and work-ability of older workers performing physically demanding work. If we demonstrate the feasibility of the program we will conduct a larger trial that additionally measures injury outcomes
Descriptive Epidemiology of Serious Work-Related Injuries in British Columbia, Canada
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the rates and distribution of serious work-related injuries by demographic, work and injury characteristics in British Columbia, Canada from 2002-2008, using population-based data. METHODS: Claims for workers with a serious injury were extracted from workers' compensation data. Serious injuries were defined by long duration, high cost, serious medical diagnosis, or fatality. Workforce estimates were used to calculate stratum-specific rates. Rate-ratios (RR) and 95% CIs were calculated using negative binomial regression for the comparison of rates, adjusting for gender, age and occupation. RESULTS: Women had a lower overall serious injury rate compared to men (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-0.99). The 35-44 age group had the highest overall rate compared to the youngest age group. The rate for severe strains/sprains was similarly high for men and women in the 35-44 age group, although there was a differential pattern by gender for other injury types: the rate of fracture was similar across age groups for men, but increased with age for women (RR: 2.7, 95% CI: 2.2-3.3); and the rate of severe falls increased with age for men and women, with a larger three-fold increase for older women (men: RR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.7-2.1; women: RR: 3.2, 95% CI: 2.7-3.7). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of serious injuries is higher among specific age groups with different patterns emerging for men and women. Variations persisted within similar injury types and occupation groups in our adjusted models. These results provide evidence for the burden of serious injuries and a basis for future analytic research. Given projected demographic shifts and increasing workforce participation of older workers, intervention programs should be carefully implemented with consideration to demographic groups at risk for serious injuries in the workplace
Identifying work related injuries: comparison of methods for interrogating text fields
Background: Work-related injuries in Australia are estimated to cost around $57.5 billion annually, however there are currently insufficient surveillance data available to support an evidence-based public health response. Emergency departments (ED) in Australia are a potential source of information on work-related injuries though most EDâs do not have an âActivity Codeâ to identify work-related cases with information about the presenting problem recorded in a short free text field. This study compared methods for interrogating text fields for identifying work-related injuries presenting at emergency departments to inform approaches to surveillance of work-related injury.---------- Methods: Three approaches were used to interrogate an injury description text field to classify cases as work-related: keyword search, index search, and content analytic text mining. Sensitivity and specificity were examined by comparing cases flagged by each approach to cases coded with an Activity code during triage. Methods to improve the sensitivity and/or specificity of each approach were explored by adjusting the classification techniques within each broad approach.---------- Results: The basic keyword search detected 58% of cases (Specificity 0.99), an index search detected 62% of cases (Specificity 0.87), and the content analytic text mining (using adjusted probabilities) approach detected 77% of cases (Specificity 0.95).---------- Conclusions The findings of this study provide strong support for continued development of text searching methods to obtain information from routine emergency department data, to improve the capacity for comprehensive injury surveillance
On the Identification and Prevention of Ergonomic Risk Factors, with Special Regard to Reported Occupational Injuries of the Musculo-skeletal System
A checklist for the screening of ergonomic risks was designed, evaluated and applied at work place assessments. Training for measurements for the NIOSH lifting equation was described and the inter-observer reliability discussed. With a view to prevention and with an age perspective, 1 600 textual descriptions of slip trip and fall accidents were studied. Older people reported accidents of this kind more often than younger, but as regards contributing factors for the accidents there were no age differences in the studied material. Reports (n=195) on occupational musculo-skeletal injury (accidents and diseases) from men and women with different occupations were collected consecutively. The purpose was to investigate the effect on ergonomic conditions by Labour Inspectorate intervention at work places and to follow health and employment among occupationally injured. Fifteen Labour Inspectors volunteered to investigate half of the reports by work place visits within three months. The other half was kept for control. The inspectors were trained in ergonomics and also received complementary training in ergonomic work place assessment by means of the mentioned checklist. Eighteen months after the reports, all work places were visited by ergonomists to evaluate possible improvements in ergonomic conditions. Due to turnover and prolonged sick-leaves, evaluations were performed for only 92 of the injured. At 160 work places there were co-workers, who at the time of the injury report had performed similar tasks as the injured. Evaluations were performed also for these groups. As regards preventive measures, there were no differences between the injured in the study and control groups. The inspectors had delivered eleven inspection notices to the employers demanding improvements for the injured people and fourteen notices regarding the conditions of co-workers. For this latter group there was a significant association between delivered notices and improved ergonomic conditions. The cost benefit of the ergonomic improvements was investigated in case studies from four companies. Poor workplace ergonomics and related musculo-skeletal problems had been known previous to the injury reports. The ergonomic situation had caused repeated sick-leave periods, but only the report triggered the preventive measures. Expenses associated with the preventive measures were accounted for and financial effects estimated, based on interviews with representatives at the companies. When costs were compared to gains, the improvements appeared to be highly profitable. Three years after the time of the reports a postal questionnaire on health, psychological well-being and employment was distributed to the injured. The response rate was high. There was a significantly higher prevalence of musculo-skeletal and psychological symptoms in the study group, compared to data from other populations. Activities in daily life were more restricted in the study group. After three years 109 people were in active employment. The association between reduced physical work load and active employment, and both individual and work related characteristics was analysed. The odds for improved ergonomic conditions were increased where the employer had given an informative injury description in the injury report, probably indicating that an understanding of the mechanisms of injury is a prerequisite for effective prevention. Sick-leaves for more than six months during the year following the report had a significant negative association with active employment, whereas male sex and higher education than elementary school had a positive association. Identification of ergonomic risk factors seemed to have a positive influence on the process of prevention.Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur förbĂ€ttrad prevention kan uppnĂ„s betrĂ€ffande belastningsskador och fall olyckor, samt att identifiera vilka individ- och arbetsknutna faktorer som har betydelse för uppkomst och prevention av sĂ„dana skador. Som underlag för de arbetsplatsbedömningar som utfördes i projektet utformades en checklista, Plan för identifiering av belastningsfaktorer som kan innebĂ€ra skadlig inverkan, PLIBEL. De förberedande litteraturstudierna rörande samband mellan belastning i arbete och skador i rörelseorganen samt validitets- och reliabilitetstest av metoden beskrivs och diskuteras. Vidare beskrivs och diskuteras trĂ€ning i datainsamling för kvantitativa berĂ€kningar med NIOSH lyftekvation samt ett test av inter-bedömar reliabiliteten med denna metod. Ur ett vidgat ergonomiskt perspektiv, och med sikte pĂ„ prevention, har beskrivningar frĂ„n 1 600 arbetsskadenmĂ€lningar rörande fall olyckor studerats. Uppgifterna ordnades med hĂ€nsyn till pĂ„verkande faktorer, Ă„lder, kön och yrke. Ăldre arbetstagare rapporterade fall olyckor oftare Ă€n yngre personer, men betrĂ€ffande orsakerna till olyckorna var det ingen skillnad mellan Ă€ldre och yngre i det studerade materialet. För att undersöka om arbetsplatsutredningar utförda av yrkesinspektörer medför en förbĂ€ttrad prevention pĂ„ arbetsplatser efter anmĂ€ld arbetsskada insamlades 195 konsekutiva arbetsskadeanmĂ€lningar av belastningskaraktĂ€r (55 arbetsolyckor och 140 arbetssjukdomar) frĂ„n mĂ€n och kvinnor i olika Ă„ldrar och sysselsatta inom olika yrken och branscher. Arbetsskadorna hade samtliga föranlett minst Ă„tta dagars sjukskrivning. Könsfördelning, Ă„ldersfördelning samt fördelning över yrken och nĂ€ringsgrenar överensstĂ€mde i stort med statistik uppgifter rörande belastningsskador för riket samma Ă„r, medan materialets fördelningen mellan olyckor och sjukdomar endast överensstĂ€mde regionalt, dvs. i förhĂ„llande till hela riket var sjukdomarna överrepresenterade. Femton ergonomiskt kunniga yrkesinspektörer engagerades för projektet och utbildades under tvĂ„ dagar i anvĂ€ndandet av checklistan, varvid ergonomiska grundprinciper gicks igenom och tillsynsmetodik diskuterades för att nĂ„ ett enhetligt tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt. Sedan hĂ€lften av anmĂ€lningarna frĂ„n distriktskontoren hade lagts till sidan som kontroll material ombads yrkesinspektörerna att inom nĂ„gra veckor besöka övriga arbetsskadeanmĂ€lda pĂ„ deras arbetsplatser. Belastningssituationen skulle bedömas och förĂ€ndringar anbefallas i ett inspektionsmeddelande sĂ„som brukligt. Vid dessa besök skrevs tjugo inspektionsmeddelanden. Den arbetsskadeanmĂ€ldes arbetsförhĂ„llanden berördes i elva av dessa medan fjorton tog upp förhĂ„llandena för arbetskamrater med liknande arbetsuppgifter som den anmĂ€lde. Arton mĂ„nader efter det att anmĂ€lningarna lĂ€mnats in besökte tre ergonomer samtliga arbetsplatser utan vetskap om huruvida de tillhörde kontrollgruppen eller inte. Information inhĂ€mtades om ergonomiska förhĂ„llanden vid anmĂ€lan och belastningsbedömning gjordes liksom en bedömning av eventuella genomförda förbĂ€ttringar. PĂ„ 172 arbetsplatser hade arbetskamrater vid anmĂ€lningstillfĂ€llet utfört likadana arbetsuppgifter som den arbetsskadeanmĂ€lde. Bedömningar, enligt ovan, gjordes Ă€ven pĂ„ dessa arbetsplatser. Skillnader betrĂ€ffande genomförda arbetsplatsförbĂ€ttringar mellan yrkesinspektörs gruppen och kontroll gruppen prövades med x2-test, varvid en signifikans nivĂ„ pĂ„ p<0.05 accepterades. En signifikant skillnad betrĂ€ffande genomförda arbetsplatsförbĂ€ttringar kunde observeras för arbetskamrater i de fall inspektionsmeddelande lĂ€mnats till arbetsgivarna. DĂ€remot kunde ingen effekt av yrkesinspektörernas besök konstateras hos arbetsskadefallen. Den inverkan yrkesinspektörerna hade lĂ„g sĂ„ledes inom primĂ€rpreventionen. För att bedöma kostnader och vinster i samband med arbetsplatsförbĂ€ttringar genomfördes fyra fallstudier. TvĂ„ ekonomistuderande kopplades till projektet och utförde intervjuer angĂ„ende Ă„tgĂ€rder vidtagna av arbetsgivare vid fyra företag. Intervjuer pĂ„ arbetsplatserna visade att de dĂ„liga ergonomiska förhĂ„llandena varit kĂ€nda sedan lĂ€nge och Ă€ven förorsakat upprepade sjukskrivningar. Men det var först nĂ€r arbetsskadan hade anmĂ€lts, som Ă„tgĂ€rder vidtogs. Vid de fyra arbetsplatser, som ingick i denna begrĂ€nsade studie, var de arbetsskadeanmĂ€lda kvar i arbete, men utförde inte lĂ€ngre samma arbete som vid anmĂ€lningstillfĂ€llet. De hade fĂ„tt skonsammare uppgifter. De förbĂ€ttringar som arbetsgivaren vidtagit vid den ursprungliga arbetsplatsen kom sĂ„ledes endast arbetskamrater till del. Uppgifterna om kostnader och intĂ€kter i samband med de preventiva Ă„tgĂ€rderna togs fram av företagets representanter via rĂ€kenskapsböcker och personalstatistik. DĂ€r ej dokumentation fanns tillgĂ€nglig gjordes skattningar. Genom analyser av sjukskrivning, överanstĂ€llning, vikarier etc. kunde mĂ„nga dolda utgifter och vinster tydliggöras. Efter pay-back berĂ€kningar av det insamlade materialet visade det sig att utgifterna för de ergonomiska förbĂ€ttringarna mycket snart var betalda. Omfattningen av muskulo-skelettala besvĂ€r, psykiskt vĂ€lmĂ„ende och funktionsförmĂ„ga, tre Ă„r efter den anmĂ€lda belastningsskadan, följdes genom en brevenkĂ€t, som besvarade av 181 av de arbetsskadeanmĂ€lda (93% ). För att möjliggöra jĂ€mförelser baserades formulĂ€ret pĂ„ frĂ„gor, som ingĂ„r i andra publicerade undersökningar. Respondenterna ombads Ă€ven beskriva hur mycket de varit i arbete sedan skadeanmĂ€lan. JĂ€mförelser mellan grupper prövades med x2-test, varvid en signifikans nivĂ„ pĂ„ p<0.05 accepterades. Gruppen av arbetsskadeanmĂ€lda hade som helhet mer fysiska och psykiska besvĂ€r Ă€n jĂ€mförelsegrupper. HĂ€lften av de intervjuade uppgav att de hade svĂ„righeter med vardagliga aktiviteter och över hĂ€lften bedömde sina besvĂ€r som oförĂ€ndrade eller vĂ€rre jĂ€mfört med dĂ„ arbetsskadan anmĂ€ldes. 109 personer uppgav att de var aktivt yrkesverksamma. De flesta av de 72 som ej arbetade hade ej arbetat alls under de tre Ă„r som förflutit. För att identifiera vilka individ- och arbetsknutna faktorer som har betydelse för en lyckad rehabilitering efter anmĂ€lda belastningsskador anvĂ€ndes data frĂ„n olika delar av projektet. FrĂ„n arbetsskadeblanketterna hĂ€mtades persondata, diagnos vid anmĂ€lningstillfĂ€lle samt uppgifter om yrke och nĂ€ringsgren. Ăven den bedömda kvalitĂ©n i blankettens beskrivning av orsaken till skadan ingick liksom uppgifter om belastningsreducering pĂ„ arbetsplatsen och om sjukskrivning, som samlats in vid arbetsplatsbesöket 18 mĂ„nader efter anmĂ€lningstillfĂ€llet. Slutligen ingick ocksĂ„ uppgifter om utbildning och yrkesverksamhet, vilka hĂ€mtades frĂ„n tre Ă„rs uppföljningen. Som tvĂ„ mĂ„tt pĂ„ lyckad rehabilitering anvĂ€ndes 'reducerad belastning arton mĂ„nader efter anmĂ€ld belastningsskada' samt 'yrkesverksamhet tre Ă„r efter anmĂ€lan'. Multipel logistisk regression utnyttjades för att analysera vilka oberoende faktorer som hade samband med de tvĂ„ effektmĂ„tten. Den chans som respektive oberoende variabel betingade berĂ€knades i form av ett OR vĂ€rde och ett 95% konfidensintervall angavs för varje sĂ„dant estimat. En vĂ€sentligt förhöjd chans till reducerad arbetsbelastning förelĂ„g vid en informativ beskrivning av arbetsskadans orsak, medan chansen till förbĂ€ttrad ergonomi var liten vid arbetsolyckor. NĂ€r det gĂ€llde yrkesverksamhet var kön, utbildning och sjukskrivningslĂ€ngd inflytelserika faktorer. MĂ€n och personer med högre utbildning hade större chanser till yrkesverksamhet. Chansen att vara i arbete efter en sjukskrivningsperiod som överskridit sex mĂ„nader, under Ă„ret efter anmĂ€lan, var mycket liten. Studien visar att de besvĂ€r, som föranledde anmĂ€lan av belastningsskada, var mycket lĂ„ngvariga och det fanns indikationer pĂ„ att sekundĂ€rpreventiva Ă„tgĂ€rder kom alltför sent. Tidig prevention av belastningsskador torde dĂ€rför vara viktig. Att identifiera och definiera problem samt att verbalisera dem pĂ„ arbetsskadeanmĂ€lningar och i inspektionsmeddelanden förefaller att vara av högsta vĂ€rde. DĂ€r en anlyserande process satts igĂ„ng har samtidigt ett första steg mot problemlösningar tagits : resultat som Ă€r vĂ€rda att ta fasta pĂ„ nĂ€r det gĂ€ller att förbĂ€ttra preventionen av arbetsskador. BetrĂ€ffande yrkesverksamhet var individuella faktorer som kön och utbildning inflytelserika, vilket Ă€r svĂ„rare att bemöta inom ramen för prevention. Det finns all anledning att pröva och fortsatt utveckla bĂ„de enkla screening metoder för identifiering av ergonomiska risker och kvantitativa metoder för storleksbedömning av specifika variabler
The Effects of a Change in Work Organization Upon the Work Environment and Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Letter Carriers
An organizational change among 82 postal workers was studied with the aim of evaluating the effects on the work environment, work ability, and musculoskeletal complaints. The study was undertaken in 2 suburbs of Stockholm, Sweden. Psychological work demands were estimated to be reduced at the 1-year follow-up but physical work demands had changed very little. In an observation study in a subgroup of older workers, the risk of overexertion at work and musculoskeletal complaints was reduced. In spite of that, most of the older participants (>35 years) had unchanged or increased musculoskeletal symptoms. This shows the need for early preventive measures