TRAINING CHARACTERISTICS OF MALES AT THE 2008 NCAA DIVISION I CROSS COUNTRY CHAMPIONSHIPS

The focus of previous running research has been on physiological determinates of performance utilizing small sample sizes and short time frames with little regard to previous training methods. PURPOSE: The goal of this research was to describe, compare, and evaluate the relationships between anthropometric, run training, and ancillary training variables during the 2008 season and performance of male finishers at the NCAA Division I cross country championship 10k race. METHODOLOGY: An online survey was created based on previous research and all coaches who had male runners finish the 2008 NCAA championship race were asked to include their athletes in the online survey. 42 out of 252 runners (17%) completed the survey. RESULTS: Runners with better pre-college 1600 meter (r = 0.37) and 3200 meter (r = 0.32) track times ran faster at the championship race. A composite of these pre-college times was the best significant (p \u3c 0.05) predictor of performance (adj. r2 = 0.12). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed an increased number of core training sessions during the peak period and form/drill sessions during the transition period also were significant (p \u3c 0.05) predictors of slower 10k finish time. Threshold training during the peak period was a significant (p \u3c0.05) predictor of 10k finish time (adj r2 = 0.07) when compared only to run-training variables. Evidence of the training principles of progressive overload, periodization, specialization, and tapering were evident in the data. CONCLUSION: Recruiting faster runners is important for college coaches to have successful teams. Due to a low number of significant (p \u3c 0.05) findings, there is no single best training method when training for the 10k race although excessive ancillary training can hinder rest and hurt run-training and race performance while threshold training during the peak period can lead to overtraining and slower performance times at the NCAA championship 10k race. Optimal performance in the NCAA cross country championship 10k race is dependent on coaches who can recruit faster runners and best integrate all training methods into each period and the entire season specific for his/her athletes

Planetary nebulae after common-envelope phases initiated by low-mass red giants

It is likely that at least some planetary nebulae are composed of matter which was ejected from a binary star system during common-envelope (CE) evolution. For these planetary nebulae the ionizing component is the hot and luminous remnant of a giant which had its envelope ejected by a companion in the process of spiralling-in to its current short-period orbit. A large fraction of CE phases which end with ejection of the envelope are thought to be initiated by low-mass red giants, giants with inert, degenerate helium cores. We discuss the possible end-of-CE structures of such stars and their subsequent evolution to investigate for which structures planetary nebulae are formed. We assume that a planetary nebula forms if the remnant reaches an effective temperature greater than 30 kK within 10^4 yr of ejecting its envelope. We assume that the composition profile is unchanged during the CE phase so that possible remnant structures are parametrized by the end-of-CE core mass, envelope mass and entropy profile. We find that planetary nebulae are expected in post-CE systems with core masses greater than about 0.3 solar masses if remnants end the CE phase in thermal equilibrium. We show that whether the remnant undergoes a pre-white dwarf plateau phase depends on the prescribed end-of-CE envelope mass. Thus, observing a young post-CE system would constrain the end-of CE envelope mass and post-CE evolution.Comment: Published in MNRAS. 12 pages, 12 figures. Minor changes to match published versio

Selective vulnerability of neurons to acute toxicity after proteasome inhibitor treatment: Implications for oxidative stress and insolubility of newly synthesized proteins

Maintaining protein homeostasis is vital to cell viability, with numerous studies demonstrating a role for proteasome inhibition occurring during the aging of a variety of tissues and, presumably, contributing to the disruption of cellular homeostasis during aging. In this study we sought to elucidate the differences between neurons and astrocytes in regard to basal levels of protein synthesis, proteasome-mediated protein degradation, and sensitivity to cytotoxicity after proteasome inhibitor treatment. In these studies we demonstrate that neurons have an increased vulnerability, compared to astrocyte cultures, to proteasome-inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity. No significant difference was observed between these two cell types in regard to the basal rates of protein synthesis, or basal rates of protein degradation, in the pool of short-lived proteins. After proteasome inhibitor treatment neuronal crude lysates were observed to undergo greater increases in the levels of ubiquitinated and oxidized proteins and selectively exhibited increased levels of newly synthesized proteins accumulating within the insoluble protein pool, compared to astrocytes. Together, these data suggest a role for increased oxidized proteins and sequestration of newly synthesized proteins in the insoluble protein pool, as potential mediators of the selective neurotoxicity after proteasome inhibitor treatment. The implications for neurons exhibiting increased sensitivity to acute proteasome inhibitor exposure, and the corresponding changes in protein homeostasis observed after proteasome inhibition, are discussed in the context of both aging and age-related disorders of the nervous system.Fil: Dasuri, Kalavathi. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Ebenezer, Philip J.. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Zhang, Le. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Fernandez Kim, Sun Ok. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Uranga, Romina Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca; ArgentinaFil: Gavilán, Elena. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Di Blasio, Alessia. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Keller, Jeffrey N.. State University of Louisiana; Estados Unido

Manajemen Pemasaran Jilid 2 -12/E.

Buku ini menekankan bahwa tugas pemasaran bukan lagi kegiatan departemen pemasaran saja. sebaliknya pemasaran merupakan kegiatan semua semua departemen suatu perusahaan. Pemasaran menentukan visi, misi dan perencanaan dan perencanaan strategis perusahaan. Pemasaran mencakup sejumlah keputusan penting seperti : penentuan kelompok pelanggan mana saja yang akan dilayani kebutuhannya, penentuan bauran pemasaran untuk dipadukan dengan bauran manfaat bauran manfaat. Buku ini juga menekankan bahwa tiap orang merupakan pemasar. Berdasarkan penekanan ini maka konsep , model dan kerangka kerja teori

Consensus Statement of the International Summit on Intellectual Disabilityand Dementia Related to Nomenclature

A working group of the 2016 International Summit on Intellectual Disability and Dementia was charged to examine the terminology used to define and report on dementia in publications related to intellectual disability (ID). A review of related publications showed mixed uses of terms associated with dementia or causative diseases. As with dementia research in the non-ID population, language related to dementia in the ID field often lacks precision and could lead to a misunderstanding of the condition(s) under discussion; an increasingly crucial issue given the increased global attention dementia is receiving in that field. Most articles related to ID and dementia reporting clinical or medical research generally provide a structured definition of dementia or related terms; social care articles tend toward term use without definition. Toward terminology standardization within studies/reports on dementia and ID, the Summit recommended that a consistent approach is taken that ensures (a) growing familiarity with dementia-related diagnostic, condition-specific, and social care terms (as identified in the working group's report), (b) creating a guidance document on accurately defining and presenting information about individuals or groups referenced, and (c) that in reports on neuropathologies or cognitive decline or impairment, definitions are used and data include subjects' ages, sex, level of ID, residential situation, basis for dementia diagnosis, presence of Down syndrome (or other risk conditions), years from diagnosis, and if available, scores on objective measures of changing function

Amino acid analog toxicity in primary rat neuronal and astrocyte cultures: Implications for protein misfolding and TDP-43 regulation

Amino acid analogs promote translational errors that result in aberrant protein synthesis, and have been used to understand the effects of protein misfolding in a variety of physiological and pathological settings. TDP-43 is a protein that is linked to protein aggregation and toxicity in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study we exposed primary rat neurons and astrocyte cultures to established amino acid analogs (Canavanine and Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid), and observed both cell types undergo a dose-dependent increase in toxicity, with neurons exhibiting a greater degree of toxicity as compared to astrocytes. Neurons and astrocytes exhibited similar increases in ubiquitinated and oxidized protein following analog treatment. Analog treatment increased Heat shock protein (Hsp) levels in both neurons and astrocytes. In neurons, and to a lesser extent astrocytes, the levels of TDP-43 increased in response to analog treatment. Taken together, these data indicate that neurons exhibit preferential toxicity and alterations in TDP-43, in response to increased protein misfolding, as compared to astrocytes.Fil: Dasuri, Kalavathi. State University Of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Ebenezer, Philip J.. State University Of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Uranga, Romina Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahia Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahia Blanca (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Gavilan, Elena. Universidad de Sevilla; EspañaFil: Zhang, Le. State University Of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Fernandez-Kim, Sun O. K.. State University Of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Bruce Keller, Annadora J.. State University Of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Keller, Jeffrey N.. State University Of Louisiana; Estados Unido

Anatomy of the inferior orbital fissure: Implications for endoscopic cranial base surgery

Considering many approaches to the skull base confront the inferior orbital fissure (IOF) or sphenomaxillary fissure, the authors examine this anatomy as an important endoscopic surgical landmark. In morphometric analyses of 50 adult human dry skulls from both sexes, we divided the length of the IOF into three segments (anterolateral, middle, posteromedial). Hemotoxylin- and eosin-stained sections were analyzed. Dissections were performed using transnasal endoscopy in four formalin-fixed cadaveric cranial specimens (eight sides); three endoscopic approaches to the IOF were performed.IOF length ranged from 25 to 35 mm (mean 29 mm). Length/width of the individual anterolateral, middle, and posteromedial segments averaged 6.46/5, 4.95/3.2, and 17.6/ 2.4 mm, respectively. Smooth muscle within the IOF had a consistent elationship with several important anatomical landmarks. The maxillary introstomy,total ethmoidectomy approach allowed access to the posteromedial segment of the fissure. The endoscopic modified, medial maxillectomy approach allowed access to the middle and posterior-medial segment. The Caldwell-Luc approach allowed complete exposure of the IOF. The IOF serves as an important anatomic landmark during endonasal endoscopic approaches to the skull base and orbit. Each of the three segments provides a characteristic endoscopic corridor, unique to the orbit and different fossas surrounding the fissure.Fil: de Battista, Juan Carlos. University of Cincinnati; Estados Unidos. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Anatomia Normal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Zimmer, Lee A.. University of Cincinnati; Estados UnidosFil: Theodosopoulos, Philip V.. University of Cincinnati; Estados UnidosFil: Froelich, Sebastien C.. University of Cincinnati; Estados UnidosFil: Keller, Jeffrey T.. University of Cincinnati; Estados Unidos. Mayfield Clinic; Estados Unido

Mode transitions in a model reaction-diffusion system driven by domain growth and noise

Pattern formation in many biological systems takes place during growth of the underlying domain. We study a specific example of a reaction–diffusion (Turing) model in which peak splitting, driven by domain growth, generates a sequence of patterns. We have previously shown that the pattern sequences which are presented when the domain growth rate is sufficiently rapid exhibit a mode-doubling phenomenon. Such pattern sequences afford reliable selection of certain final patterns, thus addressing the robustness problem inherent of the Turing mechanism. At slower domain growth rates this regular mode doubling breaks down in the presence of small perturbations to the dynamics. In this paper we examine the breaking down of the mode doubling sequence and consider the implications of this behaviour in increasing the range of reliably selectable final patterns