日本の学校文化としての「授業研究」に関する歴史研究

This research examines “lesson study” as a traditional model of creating professional knowledge in schools. “Lesson study,” typically defi ned as teachers’ classroom based collaborative research, has a long history in Japan as a shared professional culture with potential for enhancing learning, enriching classroom activities and transforming the school environment. A case study method based on historical data is the primary approach used in this research. Detailed description and analysis of lessons are provided, individual lesson plans are examined and exchanges of views between teachers are discussed. The fi ndings are intended to help clarify the cultural and historical role of lesson based research in Japanese schools, and also the signifi cant infl uence that lesson study has exerted on developing a culture of shared professionalism in Japan

Two new aromatic polyketides from a sponge-derived Fusarium

Two new aromatic polyketides from a sponge-derived Fusariu

異型性髄膜腫の診断基準に対する臨床経過の再検討

髄膜腫は最も頻度の多い脳腫瘍で，その多くは手術摘出後に再発が稀な腫瘍であるが，一部ではより高い増殖能を示すものがある．組織学的には異型性髄膜腫に分類されるもので，その頻度は診断基準であるWHO分類の変遷に伴い1993年当初数％であったものが，最近30％程度にまで増加している．しかし，臨床的には髄膜腫全体での再発率や悪性度が高くなっている証拠はない．一つの可能性として異型性髄膜腫と診断される比率が増えたことが考えられる．我々は異型性髄膜腫の組織像を詳細に検討し，臨床経過と併せて検討を行った．対象症例は2009年1月〜2014年7月における64例で，WHO grade Iが37例，異型性髄膜腫が27例であった．異型性髄膜腫は組織像によって，局所での核分裂像を示すⅡa群と，全体的での核分裂像もしくは脳浸潤を伴うⅡb群に分けることが可能であり，Ⅱa群は10例，Ⅱb群は17例であった．臨床像はⅡb群が grade I/Ⅱa群より，高齢(中央値Ⅰ：57，Ⅱa：50，Ⅱb：69歳)で男性に多く，MIB-1 labeling indexがより高値(中央値Ⅰ：3.0，Ⅱa：2.1，Ⅱb：10.3％)であった．追跡期間中にgradeⅠで1 例，Ⅱb群で5例が再発した．Ⅱa群の臨床経過は，grade Iに類似しており，臨床像としてはⅡb群が異型性髄膜腫のような，より再発を認めやすい一群であると考えられる

Eudigraphis Silvestri 1948

Genus <i>Eudigraphis</i> Silvestri, 1948 <p> <i>Eudigraphis</i> Silvestri, 1948: 217 [type species: <i>Eudigraphis ja- ponica</i> Silvestri, 1948 (= <i>Eudigraphis takakuwai</i>)]; Nguy- en Duy-Jacquemin and Geoffroy 2003: 299; Short and Vahtera 2017: 2456.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Head with 8 ocelli each side. Body with 10 segments, 9 pleural projections, a telson, and 13 pairs of legs in adults. Differs from <i>Monographis</i> Attems, 1907, in 6th antennal segments having just 3 bacilliform sensilla, respectively, and by having caudal trichomes with more numerous (range: 2–6) barbed hooks arranged in a line. Differs from <i>Unixenus</i> in the presence of a single usually continuous row of trichomes along the posterior edge of the tergites.</p> <p> <b>Included species.</b> Six species: <i>E. takakuwai, E. nigricans, E. kinutensis</i>, <i>E. sinensis</i> Ishii and Liang, 1990, <i>E. taiwanensis</i> Ishii, 1990, and <i>E. xishuangbanna</i> Ishii and Yin, 2000.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Japan, Taiwan, and China.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Miyosi (1959) synonymized <i>Eudigraphis</i> with <i>Monographis</i> by expanding definition of the latter. However, <i>Eudigraphis</i> has been treated as a distinct genus different from <i>Monographis</i> since the revision of <i>Monographis</i> by Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin and Condé (1967) (also see Shinohara and Ishii 1984; Ishii 1988).</p> <p> Japanese species of <i>Eudigraphis</i> seem to show close morphological similarity to <i>Unixenus</i> Jones, 1944 (Short and Huynh 2013; Huynh and Veenstra 2018a), especially in position and the number of bacilliform sensilla on distal segments of the antennae (<i>cf.</i>, fig. 6 in Huynh and Veenestra 2018a) and in morphology of the gnathochilarium (<i>cf.</i>, fig. 4F in Huynh and Veenestra 2018a). However, Japanese <i>Eudigraphis</i> differs from <i>Unixenus</i> in morphology of biarticuated setae on the second legs and show similarity to <i>Monographis</i> in this character (<i>cf.</i>, fig. 12 in Huynh and Veenestra 2018a). Separation of <i>Eudigraphis</i> from <i>Unixenus</i> seems to be supported by a molecular phylogeny provided by Short and Vahtera (2017). However, further detailed analyses seem to be needed.</p>Published as part of <i>Karasawa, Shigenori, Kawano, Keisuke, Fukaya, Shin-ichi & Tsurusaki, Nobuo, 2020, Upgrading of Three Subspecies of Eudigraphis takakuwai to the Species Rank (Diplopoda: Penicillata: Polyxenida: Polyxenidae), pp. 89-102 in Species Diversity 25</i> on page 93, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.25.89, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3751670">http://zenodo.org/record/3751670</a&gt

Eudigraphis nigricans Karasawa & Kawano & Fukaya & Tsurusaki 2020, stat. rev

<i>Eudigraphis nigricans</i> (Miyosi, 1947), stat. rev . <p>[Japanese name: Iso-fusayasude]</p> <p>(Figs 1, 4D, 5C, D, 6D–F)</p> <p> <i>Monographis takakuwai nigricans</i> Miyosi, 1947: 7 (type locality: Enoshima isalnd, Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshu, Japan; type specimens collected by S. Gamo seem to be lost); Takashima and Haga 1950: 23, fig. 2; Takashima and Haga 1952: 18; Miyosi 1959: 58; Miyosi 1965: 741; Miyosi 1979: 478; Ishii 1983: 45; Takano 1973: 4.</p> <p> <i>Eudigraphis nigricans</i>: Haga 1952: 15; Ishii and Tamura 1995: 233; Ishii 1997: 257; Ishii 1999: 212; Ishii 2002: 289.</p> <p> <i>Eudigraphis takakuwai nigricans</i>: Ishii 1988: 957, figs 10, 11; Matsumoto and Gamo 1992: 51, fig. 1A–D; Murakami 1993: 97; Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin and Geoffroy 2003: 99; Mimizu Club and Minagoshi 2013: 44, 3 photos; Minagoshi 2017: 50, 3 photos; Kawano 2017: 14, figs 1–12.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Body 3–4.2 mm long excluding caudal bundle with no difference between sexes. Ground color of body pale yellowish brown in dorsal view, but head black. Body dorsally with a pair of belt-like dark brown markings that run slightly off from both of the rims of each segments of body. Mandible with 8 molar processes and 5 molar combs (for the details in mandible structure; see Ishii 1988). This species can be easily distinguished from <i>E. takakuwai</i> by having a somewhat smaller body with black head. Brown markings are darker and more conspicuous in this species than in <i>E. takakuwai.</i></p> <p> <b>Brief description (based on specimens from Mizushiri Coast, Tottori City, Tottori Prefecture).</b> Body length excluding caudal bundle (males): 3.6–4.2 mm (<i>n</i> =4, mean 3.8 mm).</p> <p>Coloration. Head black. tergites yellowish brown laterally tinted with dark brown.</p> <p>Head with an anterior row of 20 trichomes per side (Fig. 6D) and a posterior row of 12 trichomes per side (Fig. 6D).</p> <p>Anntenal article VI with 3 thick basiconic sensilla (T) of equal length; article VII with 2 thick basiconic sensilla (Fig. 6F). The presence of conical and setiform sensilla were unable to be determined.</p> <p> Clypeo-labrum with <i>ca.</i> 10 scattered setae along posterior margin; anterior margin of labrum granulated (Figs. 6E). Gnathochilarium with slender lateral palp with 12 cylindrical sensilla, medial palp with a group of <i>ca.</i> 10 sensilla.</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> TOKYO METROPOLIS. Chiyoda Ward, Hibiya Park, under bark of a tree trunk of <i>Aphananthe aspera</i> (7 spms., 99% EtOH, 17 October 2017, SF). —— TOTTORI PREFECTURE. Tottori City, Mizushiri Beach (35.524599, 134.098788), 3 m (3 adults and 6 juv., 99% EtOH, 18 October 2017, NT), same beach (35.525003, 134.099100), 1 m (3 males, 3 females and 12 juv., 27 May 2019, NT). —— YAMAGUCHI PREFECTURE. Shimonoseki City: Chofusotoura-cho (6 spms., 99% EtOH, 25 September 2017, Makiko Matsuda); Toyoura-cho, Inunaki Cape (2 spms., 99% EtOH, 25 September 2017, Makiko Matsuda); Toyoura-cho, Uka (1 male, 1 September 2017, KK); Tsunoshima island, in the sand of sandy beach (4 spms., 99% EtOH, 9 May 2018, Makiko Matsuda). —— FUKUOKA PREFECTURE. Kitakyushu City: Moji Ward, Tsunemi (2 spms., 99% EtOH, 24 September 2017, Makiko Matsuda); Wakamatsu Ward, Hibiki Marine Park (18 spms., 99% EtOH, 23 June 2017, SK).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Honshu, Kyushu, Hachijo-jima island (Takashima and Haga 1952), Nii-jima island (Takano 1973), and Okinawa Islands (Minagoshi 2017; detailed locality unknown, though it was tentatively plotted on Okinawa-jima island in Fig. 1). Most records in Honshu came from southwestern part of Honshu, though the northernmost records extend to Sendai Bay, Miyagi Prefecture for the Pacific coast (Matsumoto and Gamo 1992) and Sado-ga-shima island for the coasts of Sea of Japan (Mimizu Club and Minagoshi 2013).</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> This species is usually found in cracks of rocks on rocky sea cliffs, from shoreline to 1 to 2 m above from shoreline. Association of this species to rocky seashores is rather strong, though the species can be found sometimes on trunks of trees in the seaside forest (Takashima and Haga 1952). One of us (SF) found a population of <i>E. nigricans</i> under barks of a trunk of tree <i>Aphananthe aspera</i> in Hibiya Park, <i>ca.</i> 1.8 km away from the nearest shore of the Tokyo Bay.</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> This species is univoltine and overwinters as adults and juveniles. Eggs laid can be seen from June to October according to the observation of a population in Amatsu-Kominato, Chiba Prefecture (Ishii 1997). The number of eggs per egg batch varies from 26 on average (Ishii 1997) to <i>ca.</i> 30 (Matsumoto and Gamo 1992). Each egg batch is covered by trichomes of tail brush of the female who laid the batch (Matsumoto and Gamo 1992). Gut content of the species consisted of lichens on the rocks of seashore (Ishii 1997).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> One of us (KK), found some live individuals floating on the surface of seawater due to surface tension generated by having many long bristles on their bodies off the coast of Uka, Shimonoseki City in Yamaguchi Prefecture (Kawano 2017). This nature seems to facilitate dispersal of the species by raft and current of the sea.</p>Published as part of <i>Karasawa, Shigenori, Kawano, Keisuke, Fukaya, Shin-ichi & Tsurusaki, Nobuo, 2020, Upgrading of Three Subspecies of Eudigraphis takakuwai to the Species Rank (Diplopoda: Penicillata: Polyxenida: Polyxenidae), pp. 89-102 in Species Diversity 25</i> on pages 98-99, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.25.89, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3751670">http://zenodo.org/record/3751670</a&gt

Eudigraphis kinutensis Karasawa, Kawano, Fukaya & Tsurusaki, 2020, stat. rev.

<i>Eudigraphis kinutensis</i> (Haga in Takashima and Haga, 1950), stat. rev. <p>[Japanese name: Haiiro-fusayasude]</p> <p>(Figs 1, 4F, 5E, F, 6G, H)</p> <p> <i>Monographis takakuwai kinutensis</i> Haga in Takashima and Haga, 1950: 24, fig. 3 [male holotype (NSMT-My 140) from Kinuta (=Okura-cho), Setagaya Ward, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 17 October 1949, S. Haga leg.; 6 males and 7 females (MSMT-My 141) from the same locality, 17 October 1949]; Miyosi 1959: 58; Miyosi 1965: 741; Miyosi 1979: 478.</p> <p> <i>Eudigraphis kinutensis</i>: Haga 1952: 15; Ishii and Tamura 1995: 233; Ishii 1999: 212; Ishii 2002: 289.</p> <p> <i>Eudigraphis takakuwai kinutensis</i>: Ishii 1988: 958, figs 12, 13; Murakami 1993: 97; Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin and Geoffroy 2003: 99; Ishii 2005: 820, 1 photo; Mimizu Club and Minagoshi 2013: 45, 2 photos; Minagoshi 2017: 50, 2 photos; Ishii 2018: 864, 1 photo.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Body 2.5–3 mm long excluding caudal bundle with no difference between sexes. Body gray when alive. Mandible with 8 molar processes and 6 molar combs (for the details of diagnosis in mandible structure; see Ishii 1988). This species, when it is alive, can be easily distinguished from <i>E. takakuwai</i> and <i>E. nigricans</i> by its small and gray body (Figs 4, 5).</p> <p> <b>Brief description (based on specimens from Tottori University Campus, Tottori City, Tottori Prefecture).</b> Body length (males) 2.6–3.0 mm (<i>n</i> =4, mean 2.7 mm). Caudal bundle 0.48–0.50 (<i>n</i> =2, mean 0.49).</p> <p>Coloration. Head and tergites grey when photographed in the wild (Fig. 4F). Caudal bundle white (Figs 4F, 5E).</p> <p> Head with an anterior row of <i>ca.</i> 20 trichomes per side and a posterior row of <i>ca.</i> 8 trichomes per side.</p> <p>The antennae with 8 articles and 4 sensitive cones at the tip. Article VI with 3 thick basiconic sensilla (T) of equal length; article VII with 2 thick basiconic sensilla (Fig. 6H).</p> <p>Clypeo-labrum with 7 scattered setae along posterior margin; anterior margin of labrum smooth, concaved at the middle part (Fig. 6G). Gnathochilarium with slender lateral palp with 7 cylindrical sensilla.</p> <p> <b>Specimens examined.</b> TOKYO METROPOLIS. Shibuya Ward, Yoyogi Park (near Yoyogi Park Service Center), Yoyogi-Jinnan-cho (35.672032, 139.692492), 34 m, under bark of a tree trunk of <i>Zelkova serrata</i>, (1 spm, 99% EtOH, 6 November 2017, SF). Suginami Ward, Omiya 2 chome, Wadabori Park (south of the First Athletic Field; 35.683649, 139.641538), 37 m, under bark of trunks of <i>Zelkova serrata</i>, (9 spms., 99% EtOH, 6 November 2017, SF). Nerima Ward: Hikarigaoka 4 chome, Hikarigaoka Park (west of Konchu Harappa; 35.763741, 139.62673638), under bark of trunks of <i>Zelkova serrata</i> (3 spms., 99% EtOH, 6 November 2017, SF); Shakujii-dai 1–26, Shakujii Park (35.737581, 139.598046), 40 m, under bark of trunks of <i>Zelkova serrata</i>, (8 spms., 99% EtOH, 17 October 2017, SF). —— HYOGO PREFECTURE. Sanda City, Yayoigaoka, Fukada Park (34.88625, 135.1999444), 190 m, on trunks of <i>Zelkova serrata</i> (<i>ca.</i> 30 spms., 25 September 2013, Takeshi Suzuki; 20 spms., 27 September 2013, Takeshi Suzuki). —— TOTTORI PREFECTURE. Tottori City: Ochidani Park, Bairi-an (35.499236, 134.243166), 10 m, under bark of trunks of <i>Zelkova serrata</i>, (30 spms., 99% EtOH, 10 November 2017, NT; 10 males, 22 females and 148 juv., 10 November 2017, NT); Koyama-cho Minami, Campus of Tottori University (in front of Fac. Engineering; 35.515699, 134.172517), 16 m, under bark of trunks of <i>Zelkova serrata</i>, (2 males, 4 females and 19 juv., 99% EtOH, 13 November 2017, NT; 8 males, 10 females and 71 juv., 5 January 2019, NT); Koyama-cho Minami, Campus of Tottori University (backyard of the University Library; 35.515328, 134.172726), 16 m, under bark of trunks of <i>Zelkova serrata</i> (8 juv., 99% EtOH, 13 November 2017, NT); Koyama-cho-Minami, Tenjinyama Hill (35.509638,134.176514), 20 m, under bark of trunks of <i>Zelkova serrata</i> (20 spms., 7 January 2018, NT). —— EHIME PREFECTURE. Matsuyama City, Ishite-gawa Park, Nagaki-machi (33.835279, 132.775741), 32 m, under bark of a tree trunk of <i>Platanus</i> × <i>acerifolia</i> (25 adults and 15 juv., 99% EtOH, 1 January 2018, NT). —— YAMAGUCHI PREFECTURE. Shimonoseki City, Ozuki Elementary School, Ozuki-cho, (3 adults and 4 juv., 99% EtOH, 7 January 2018, KK).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Honshu (southwestern part, Tochigi Prefecture and southward), and Shikoku (Fig. 1).</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Under exfoliating bark of the trunks of deciduous broad-leaved trees, such as <i>Zelkova serrata</i>, <i>Ulmus parvifolia</i> (Ulumaceae), and <i>Platanus</i> spp. (Platanaceae).</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> This species is univoltine and overwinters as adults and juveniles of various stages. Egg batches can be seen from June to October according to an observation of a population in Ichihara City, Chiba Prefecture (Ishii 1997). Number of eggs per egg batch was 31.7 on average (Ishii 1997). Ishii (1997) reported that this species feeds upon the inner surface of exfoliated barks and lichens from the trunks of trees.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Three different names have been used as Japanese name of this species: “Haiiro-chibi-ke-fusayasude”, “Haiiro-chibi-fusayasude”, “Haiiro-fusayasude”. Takashima and Haga (1950) used “Haiiro-chibi-ke-fusayasude” as Japanese name of the species (“subspecies” at that time) in their original description of the form. Miyosi (1959) dropped “ke”, that means “hair” in Japanese, from the name and used “Haiiro-chibi-fusayasude”, without stating any reason for the change (thus it is possible that this was just a typographical error). Murakami (1993) further dropped “chibi” from the name and used “Haiiro-fusayasude”. We suspect that this change was made for his solicitude on the fact that “chibi”, which means “small” or “little” in Japanese, had been often considered a kind of discriminatory word in the Japanese society. We adopt “Haiiro-fusayasude”, which represents “gray” + “tufted millipede” in Japanese, here, because (1) this name represents the diagnostic features of the species sufficiently, and (2) use of “chibi” in the names of animals remains controversial in Japan and we consider that we should avoid use of such words when possible to avoid insult or offense.</p> <p> This species looks gray when perched on trunks of trees. However, specimens of the species dipped in ethanol do not look gray but have a light yellow-brown body laterally tinted with brown; hence preserved specimens are not easily discernible from <i>E. takakuwai</i>. This species also looks brown in photos when specimens were photographed with a flashlight against white background, or even in the stroboscopically illuminated photos taken in the field (<i>e.g.</i>, Minagoshi 2017: 50). Thus, coloration of the body seems to change depending on incidence of lighting.</p>Published as part of <i>Karasawa, Shigenori, Kawano, Keisuke, Fukaya, Shin-ichi & Tsurusaki, Nobuo, 2020, Upgrading of Three Subspecies of Eudigraphis takakuwai to the Species Rank (Diplopoda: Penicillata: Polyxenida: Polyxenidae), pp. 89-102 in Species Diversity 25</i> on pages 99-100, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.25.89, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3751670">http://zenodo.org/record/3751670</a&gt