The Effects of Modifying the Formality Level of ESL Composition Questions

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90194/1/3586551.pd

MAP2 is required for dendrite elongation, PKA anchoring in dendrites, and proper PKA signal transduction

Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is a major component of cross-bridges between microtubules in dendrites, and is known to stabilize microtubules. MAP2 also has a binding domain for the regulatory subunit II of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). We found that there is reduction in microtubule density in dendrites and a reduction of dendritic length in MAP2-deficient mice. Moreover, there is a significant reduction of various subunits of PKA in dendrites and total amounts of various PKA subunits in hippocampal tissue and cultured neurons. In MAP2-deficient cultured neurons, the induction rate of phosphorylated CREB after forskolin stimulation was much lower than in wild-type neurons. Therefore, MAP2 is an anchoring protein of PKA in dendrites, whose loss leads to reduced amount of dendritic and total PKA and reduced activation of CREB

The Cytoskeletal Architecture of the Presynaptic Terminal and Molecular Structure of Synapsin 1

We have examined the cytoskeletal architecture and its relationship with synaptic vesicles in synapses by quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (QF.DE). The main cytoskeletal elements in the presynaptic terminals (neuromuscular junction, electric organ, and cerebellar cortex) were actin filaments and microtubules. The actin filaments formed a network and frequently were associated closely with the presynaptic plasma membranes and active zones. Short, linking strands approximately 30 nm long were found between actin and synaptic vesicles, between microtubules and synaptic vesicles. Fine strands (30-60 nm) were also found between synaptic vesicles. Frequently spherical structures existed in the middle of the strands between synaptic vesicles. Another kind of strand (approximately 100 nm long, thinner than the actin filaments) between synaptic vesicles and plasma membranes was also observed. We have examined the molecular structure of synapsin 1 and its relationship with actin filaments, microtubules, and synaptic vesicles in vitro using the low angle rotary shadowing technique and QF.DE. The synapsin 1, approximately 47 nm long, was composed of a head (approximately 14 nm diam) and a tail (approximately 33 nm long), having a tadpole-like appearance. The high resolution provided by QF.DE revealed that a single synapsin 1 cross-linked actin filaments and linked actin filaments with synaptic vesicles, forming approximately 30-nm short strands. The head was on the actin and the tail was attached to the synaptic vesicle or actin filament. Microtubules were also cross-linked by a single synapsin 1, which also connected a microtubule to synaptic vesicles, forming approximately 30 nm strands. The spherical head was on the microtubules and the tail was attached to the synaptic vesicles or to microtubules. Synaptic vesicles incubated with synapsin 1 were linked with each other via fine short fibrils and frequently we identified spherical structures from which two or three fibril radiated and cross-linked synaptic vesicles. We have examined the localization of synapsin 1 using ultracryomicrotomy and colloidal gold-immunocytochemistry of anti-synapsin 1 IgG. Synapsin 1 was exclusively localized in the regions occupied by synaptic vesicles. Statistical analyses indicated that synapsin 1 is located mostly at least approximately 30 nm away from the presynaptic membrane. These data derived via three different approaches suggest that synapsin 1 could be a main element of short linkages between actin filaments and synaptic vesicles, and between microtubules and synaptic vesicles, and between synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS

通院しながら生活するがん患者の調整力と関連因子の探究

博士（看護学）神戸市看護大

The expressions of culture in the conversational styles of Japanese and Americans.

It has been widely claimed that conversational activities constitute a significant part of culture, and that cultural assumptions are reflected in conversational behavior (Gumperz 1982). Further, mismatches in conversational behaviors are claimed to frequently cause misunderstanding. However, the major claims about conversation have been made mainly based on English conversation. Little is known about conversation in other languages, such as Japanese. With increased opportunities for cross-cultural communication today, conversations in other languages need to be studied. This study compares the interactional management of Japanese and American males in first-encounter, intra- and cross-cultural conversations. The data consisted of 5 dyads each of American-American, Japanese-Japanese, and Japanese-American pairs. The participants were matched with an unfamiliar partner of a similar background. Their task was to talk freely or on the suggested topics. The conversations were videotaped and transcribed for analysis. Each participant was interviewed later to elicit comments on the task, the partner, the incidents of communication breakdowns, and language learning experience and beliefs. The data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the comparison reveal that while both groups followed common, general interaction-guiding principles, namely, the Cooperative Principles (Grice 1975) and the systematic turn-taking organization (Sachs, et al. 1974), they also exhibited relatively culture-specific behaviors. Specifically, Americans tended to participate more actively as a speaker, exhibiting self-involvement through self-assertion, while Japanese tended to participate more actively as a listener, producing many listener responses. These approaches both represent ways of maintaining interpersonal harmony. The analysis additionally revealed within-group stylistic variations. The differences in interactional approaches can be explained by many factors, but this study suggests that different self-conceptions and -orientations to societies play a significant and systematic constraining role upon conversational behavior. That is, Japanese behavior exhibited their greater emphasis on self-contextualization, while American behavior exhibited their greater concern for self-involvement. It is concluded that conversational behavior indeed reflects cultural patterns and functions to reinforce cultural patterns. The implications of cross-cultural differences for interpersonal relationships, cross-cultural communication, and language learning and teaching are discussed.Ph.D.Asian literatureEthnic studiesLanguage, Literature and LinguisticsLinguisticsSocial SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/129616/2/9542860.pd