Analytical vectorial structure of non-paraxial four-petal Gaussian beams in the far field

The analytical vectorial structure of non-paraxial four-petal Gaussian beams(FPGBs) in the far field has been studied based on vector angular spectrum method and stationary phase method. In terms of analytical electromagnetic representations of the TE and TM terms, the energy flux distributions of the TE term, the TM term, and the whole beam are derived in the far field, respectively. According to our investigation, the FPGBs can evolve into a number of small petals in the far field. The number of the petals is determined by the order of input beam. The physical pictures of the FPGBs are well illustrated from the vectorial structure, which is beneficial to strengthen the understanding of vectorial properties of the FPGBs

Vectorial structure of a hard-edged-diffracted four-petal Gaussian beam in the far field

Based on the vector angular spectrum method and the stationary phase method and the fact that a circular aperture function can be expanded into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions, the analytical vectorial structure of a four-petal Gaussian beam (FPGB) diffracted by a circular aperture is derived in the far field. The energy flux distributions and the diffraction effect introduced by the aperture are studied and illustrated graphically. Moreover, the influence of the f-parameter and the truncation parameter on the nonparaxiality is demonstrated in detail. In addition, the analytical formulas obtained in this paper can degenerate into un-apertured case when the truncation parameter tends to infinity. This work is beneficial to strengthen the understanding of vectorial properties of the FPGB diffracted by a circular aperture

SMYD5 Is a Ribosomal Methyltransferase That Catalyzes RPL40 Lysine Methylation To Enhance Translation Output and Promote Hepatocellular Carcinoma

While lysine methylation is well-known for regulating gene expression transcriptionally, its implications in translation have been largely uncharted. Trimethylation at lysine 22 (K22me3) on RPL40, a core ribosomal protein located in the GTPase activation center, was first reported 27 years ago. Yet, its methyltransferase and role in translation remain unexplored. Here, we report that SMYD5 has robust in vitro activity toward RPL40 K22 and primarily catalyzes RPL40 K22me3 in cells. The loss of SMYD5 and RPL40 K22me3 leads to reduced translation output and disturbed elongation as evidenced by increased ribosome collisions. SMYD5 and RPL40 K22me3 are upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and negatively correlated with patient prognosis. Depleting SMYD5 renders HCC cells hypersensitive to mTOR inhibition in both 2D and 3D cultures. Additionally, the loss of SMYD5 markedly inhibits HCC development and growth in both genetically engineered mouse and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, with the inhibitory effect in the PDX model further enhanced by concurrent mTOR suppression. Our findings reveal a novel role of the SMYD5 and RPL40 K22me3 axis in translation elongation and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting SMYD5 in HCC, particularly with concurrent mTOR inhibition. This work also conceptually broadens the understanding of lysine methylation, extending its significance from transcriptional regulation to translational control

A Potent, Selective and Cell-Active Allosteric Inhibitor of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3)

PRMT3 catalyzes the asymmetric dimethylation of arginine residues of various proteins. It is essential for maturation of ribosomes, may have a role in lipogenesis, and is implicated in several diseases. A potent, selective, and cell- active PRMT3 inhibitor would be a valuable tool for further investigating PRMT3 biology. Here we report the discovery of the first PRMT3 chemical probe, SGC707, by structure-based optimization of the allosteric PRMT3 inhibitors we reported previously, and thorough characterization of this probe in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular assays. SGC707 is a potent PRMT3 inhibitor (IC50 = 31 ± 2 nm, KD = 53 ± 2 nm) with outstanding selectivity (selective against 31 other methyltransferases and more than 250 non-epigenetic targets). The mechanism of action studies and crystal structure of the PRMT3-SGC707 complex confirm the allosteric inhibition mode. Importantly, SGC707 engages PRMT3 and potently inhibits its methyltransferase activity in cells. It is also bioavailable and suitable for animal studies. This well- characterized chemical probe is an excellent tool to further study the role of PRMT3 in health and disease

<i>In Vivo</i> Biomechanical Measurements of the Cornea

In early corneal examinations, the relationships between the morphological and biomechanical features of the cornea were unclear. Although consistent links have been demonstrated between the two in certain cases, these are not valid in many diseased states. An accurate assessment of the corneal biomechanical properties is essential for understanding the condition of the cornea. Studies on corneal biomechanics in vivo suggest that clinical problems such as refractive surgery and ectatic corneal disease are closely related to changes in biomechanical parameters. Current techniques are available to assess the mechanical characteristics of the cornea in vivo. Accordingly, various attempts have been expended to obtain the relevant mechanical parameters from different perspectives, using the air-puff method, ultrasound, optical techniques, and finite element analyses. However, a measurement technique that can comprehensively reflect the full mechanical characteristics of the cornea (gold standard) has not yet been developed. We review herein the in vivo measurement techniques used to assess corneal biomechanics, and discuss their advantages and limitations to provide a comprehensive introduction to the current state of technical development to support more accurate clinical decisions

Trend Analysis and Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in China from 2009 to 2021

Background With the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles and the accelerated trend of population aging, the mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases remains high in China. A timely understanding of the current and future trends of cardiovascular disease mortality in China, as well as exploring potential influencing factors and solutions, can provide a reference for formulating cardiovascular disease prevention and control measures. Objective To analyze the trend of cardiovascular disease mortality in China from 2009 to 2021 and predict the future trends from 2022 to 2030. Methods Cardiovascular disease mortality data were selected and analyzed based on gender, urban-rural areas, regions, and age groups from the &quot;China Death Surveillance Data Set (2009-2021) &quot; published by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The Joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) to analyze the changing trends. Additionally, a GM (1, 1) model was established using R (4.3.1) software to predict the crude mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases in China from 2022 to 2030. Results From 2009 to 2021, the crude mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases in China increased from 235.83/100 000 in 2009 to 353.31/100 000 in 2021, with the AAPC of 3.3% (95%CI=2.8% to 3.8%, P&lt;0.001). The age-standardized mortality rate decreased from 281.82/100 000 in 2009 to 221.24/100 000 in 2021, with the AAPC of -1.9% (95%CI=-2.6% to -1.2%, P&lt;0.001). During this period, the standardized mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases in China showed a decreasing trend across different genders (AAPC for males=-2.0%, AAPC for females=-2.1%; P&lt;0.05), urban and rural areas (AAPC for urban=-1.3%, AAPC for rural=-2.4%; P&lt;0.05), and regions (AAPC for eastern region=-2.1%, AAPC for central region=-2.2%, AAPC for western region=-1.0%; P&lt;0.05). Notably, the mortality rate decline was greater in females than males, in rural areas than urban areas, and the central region than the eastern and western regions. The results of the GM (1, 1) model showed that the crude mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases in China will continue to rise to 461.57/100 000 from 2022 to 2030. Conclusion From 2009 to 2021, the overall crude mortality rate of cardiovascular disease in China has shown a continuous upward trend, while the overall standardized mortality rate has shown a downward trend. The burden of cardiovascular disease mortality in China still faces severe challenges. The GM (1, 1) model predicts a continuous increase in the crude mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases in China from 2022 to 2030. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate and implement scientifically effective measures for the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases, with a focus on male, elderly and rural residents

Behavior of magnetic field and eddy current in a magnetostriction based bi-layered composite

In this paper, we presented a theoretical method for studying the behavior of magnetic field intensity and eddy current inside a magnetostriction based bi-layered composite. Firstly, the mathematical model for the electromagnetic field in the composite was established. Then, the governing equation for determining the magnetic field intensity and eddy current was solved. Furthermore, the effect of the composite’s conductivity on the magnetic field intensity and eddy current were discussed. Lastly, by comparing with the well known R.L. Stoll’s equation, the magnetic field intensity calculated based on our equation showed a less than 0.5% error