特別講演 日本古典文学の翻訳について

Translation of Japanese classical literature into foreign languages began late in the sixteenth century, when Portuguese missionaries used literary works as their textbooks for learning Japanese. With the expulsion of the Europeans in the seventeenth century, translation from the Japanese became extremely infrequent and erratic until the 1860s.Ever since that time there has been a steadily increasing amount of translation of Japanese literature not only into the various European languages but, especially in the case of modern literature, into Korean and Chinese. Today there are comparatively few major works of classical Japanese literature which have never been translated into any foreign language.The early translations of Japanese literature were made unsystematically. It is often not clear why particular works were chosen nor who the anticipated readers might have been. The translations made by Arthur Waley inaugurated a new era in the appreciation abroad of the Heian classics and No, and the best translators into English have tended to follow in his footsteps in writing for a general, rather than an academic audience. But the issue of literary versus academic translations is by no means settled, and we may in the future be able to enjoy the luxury of several different translations of the same classics

Tactics of Pacific Northwest albacore fishermen - 1968, 1969, 1970

This study examines the relationship between fishing activities of Pacific Northwest albacore fishermen and the availability of albacore. Tactical responses of troll-boat fishermen were compared to changes in daily apparent albacore abundance. Tactical responses included boat aggregation and total applied effort (number of boats) within a particular area, and net daily distances traveled by individual boats and the medial center of the fleet. Apparent abundance estimates were derived from logbook catch records collected during the 1968, 1969 and 1970 seasons. Fishing power estimates of individual vessels allowed comparisons to be made of the most successful and least successful boats. In general, the most successful boats were larger, fished nearer the fleet center, traveled less net distance each day and caught more but smaller fish than the less successful boats. The magnitude of the differences between the most successful and least successful boats decreased progressively from 1968 to 1970. Apparent abundance fluctuations were synchronous in separate areas of the 1968 fishery but not in the 1969 and 1970 fisheries. Fluctuations tended to be periodic in 1969 and 1970 but not in 1968. No generalizations as to apparent abundance (patchiness, size of albacore concentrations) could be determined among years. Fishermen responded quickly to changes in apparent abundance during 1968. Boats were highly aggregated on days of high catches, and dispersed on days of low catches. Fishermen responses during 1969 were one day out of phase with catches. Boats aggregated one day after days of high catches, indicating that fishermen experienced difficulty in staying on concentrations of fish. In 1970 fishermen experienced no difficulty in staying on fish concentrations as record daily catches were reported. According to interviews and questionnaires, albacore fishermen rely heavily on inter-boat communications for planning their daily fishing tactics. A consequence of this reliance on radio communication appears to be a greater degree of boat aggregation and less willingness to scout in areas away from the central fleet area. Areas to the north and south of the central fleet were shown to have high estimates of albacore abundance but were exploited by very few boats. Greater dispersal of the fleet and use of several survey boats are suggested as a means of increasing the total fishing catch

A physical oceanographic study of the nearshore zone at Newport, Oregon

The nearshore zone at Newport, Oregon was studied during the period September, 1968 to August, 1969. Particular emphasis was placed on those physical factors affecting the distribution of pulp mill wastes discharged within the study area (referred to as Yaquina Bight in this thesis). Temperatures and seawater samples were obtained from a small boat. Nearshore and longshore currents were measured from a light aircraft using dye markers and drift bottles, respectively. Winds, waves and tides were measured from shore stations. This thesis describes the waters of the bight throughout the year and how they are affected by the effluent of the pulp mill and by seasonal oceanic and local conditions. The waters within Yaquina bight reflect the large scale seasonal oceanic conditions which occur off the Oregon coast, i.e., the summer upwelling season and the winter Davidson current season. On a smaller scale the waters of the bight are influenced by the pulp mill effluent. The effluent mixes rapidly with seawater and the mixture is generally colder, Less saline and less dense than the surrounding surface waters. The dissolved oxygen content of the mixture is also lower than the surrounding seawater. The analyses of different effluent-seawater dilutions indicated that the low oxygen content is not caused by chemical reactions of the effluent. Measurements of current velocity at a depth of two meters were regressed on concurrent measurements of the prevailing wind, waves and tide. The local wind of the hour previous to the time of observation accounted for 56.9% of the variance of the currents flowing in the north-south direction at the outfall station. The wind also accounted for 26.6% of the variance of the east-west flowing currents at the outfall station. Currents at other stations within the bight were also analyzed. The unexplained variance of the currents at the other stations was higher than those at the outfall station. Deviations between the surface current direction and the current direction at two meters ware apparently related to the season and to the wind speed. At wind speeds greater than seven meters per second the angle between the two current directions approached zero. The data did not indicate that the deeper current flowed to the left or the right of the surface current as a function of wind speed. However, during the upwelling season the current at two meters was observed to flow consistently to the left of the surface current

Observations on the Behavioral Responses of Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) to Active Geophysical Vessels in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea

The responses of bowhead whales to controlled approaches by geophysical vessels producing airgun blasts were observed during the course of four field experiments conducted in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea in September 1984. Behavioral responses included shorter surfacing and dive times, fewer blows per surfacing, longer blow intervals and subtle to overt changes in surface behaviors. Subtle behavioral responses occurred at 3.5 and 8.2 km with received airgun noise levels of 142 and 157 dB respectively (all levels in dB re 1 micro Pa). Partial avoidance (i.e., some whales leaving the observation area while others remained) occurred at ranges of 3.5 and 7.6 km, with sound levels of 142 and 158 dB respectively. Total avoidance (i.e., all whales leaving the observation area) occurred at 1.3, 7.2, 3.5 and 2.9 km, with corresponding sound levels of 152, 165, 178 and 165 dB. The similarities among experiments reported here support the conclusion that short-term behavioral changes occur when bowhead whales are exposed to airgum blasts from approaching geophysical vessels at ranges <10 km. These disturbance efforts wane within one hour after a disturbance; long-term effects on social, behavioral or physiologic parameters are not known at this time.Key words: bowhead whale, Balaena mysticerus, geophysical vessel, bioacoustics, airgunsMots clés: baleine franche, Balaena mysticetus, navire de prospection géophysique, bioacoustique, canons à ai

Comparison of the most successful and least successful west coast albacore troll fishermen

Catch data for albacore troll boats were collected from fishermen's logbooks and from dockside interviews during the 1968, 1969, and 1970 seasons. Fishing powers of these boats were calculated and used to determine the 10 most successful and 10 least successful fishermen (highliners and lowliners, respectively) who fished off Oregon and Washington. Characteristics of these two groups of fishermen were then compared. In general, highliners had longer boats and fished nearer the fleet center and along the offshore margin of the fleet. Lowliners tended to have smaller boats and fished along the trailing (south) inshore margin of the fleet. Both groups responded to changes in apparent albacore abundance by aggregating on days of high apparent abundance, although this response was less pronounced in 1969 and 1970. Highliners caught significantly smaller (but more) fish than the lowliners

Catches of albacore at different times of the day

The purpose of this study is to examine the hypothesis that diel variations occur in the catches of albacore by boats trolling surface jigs off Oregon. Although albacore fishermen talk of "morning bites" and "evening bites," no published data exist, to our knowledge, confirming these trends. Studies on the feeding habits of tunas, however, provide evidence for intense feeding activity during certain periods of the day. Based on the quantity of food in stomachs, Iverson (1962) concluded that major feeding periods of albacore occurred in early morning and late afternoon-evening. Similarly, Nakamura (1965) and Dragovich (1970) found evidence for morning and late afternoon peaks in the stomach fullness of skipjack and yellowfin tunas. Food consumption of captive skipjack was greatest between 0630 and 0830 h, and skipjack tuna in only one of three tanks fed intensively in late afternoon (Magnuson 1969). This was in agreement with Uda (1940) who reported that catches of skipjack tuna with pole and live bait peaked in early morning hours and were usually followed by successively lower peaks later in the day