38 research outputs found
The role of polymerization cycle and post-pressing time on tooth movement in complete dentures
- Author
- Al-Hanbali E
- Antonio Materson da Silva
- Barbosa DB
- Blagojevic V
- Botega DM
- Braun KO
- Consani RLX
- Consani RLX
- Garfunkel E
- John J
- Keenan PJL
- Lecio Pitombeira Pinto
- Levin B
- Lorton L
- Marcus Aurelio Rabelo Lima Verde
- Meloto CB
- Pavan S
- Pero AC
- Peyton FA
- Polyzois GL
- Rafael Leonardo Xediek Consani
- Stanford JW
- Wagner Araujo de Negreiros
- Walace PW
- Yannikakis S
- Yau WFE
- Publication venue
- Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica
- Publication date
- 01/12/2009
- Field of study
This study analyzed the influence of polymerization cycle and post-pressing time on tooth movement in complete dentures. Forty maxillary complete dentures were fabricated and randomly assigned to 8 groups (n = 5); the polymerization cycle (conventional long cycle in water bath, fast cycle in boiling water, and by microwave energy) and the post-pressing time (immediate and 6 hours) were varied. Metal reference pins were placed on the incisal border of the central incisors (RI and LI), on the buccal cusp of the first premolars (RP and LP), and on the mesiobuccal cusp of the second molars (RM and LM). Two transverse and 2 anteroposterior distances were measured with a linear optical microscope (Olympus Optical Co., Tokyo, Japan) with an accuracy of .0005 mm, before and after processing the complete dentures. The data collected were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey Test at a significance level of 5%. When Clássico, a conventional heat-polymerizable acrylic resin, was polymerized by microwave energy, tooth movement was statistically significant for 2 distances, with the highest value being observed for the 6-hour post-pressing time. Onda-Cryl microwave acrylic resin processed by microwave energy presented the lowest tooth movement for 2 distances, considering the 6-hour post-pressing time. QC-20 acrylic resin presented no statistically significant change considering both post-pressing times in each distance evaluated. Tooth movement showed an asymmetric behavior, so the mastering of the processing method is essential to the precise execution of all laboratory steps, irrespective of the polymerization cycle and post-pressing time used
Direct gyrokinetic comparison of pedestal transport in JET with carbon and ITER-like walls
- Author
- Abduallev S
- Abhangi M
- Abreu P
- Afzal M
- Aggarwal KM
- Agostini FD
- Ahlgren T
- Ahn JH
- Aho-Mantila L
- Aiba N
- Airila M
- Albanese R
- Aldred V
- Alegre D
- Alessi E
- Aleynikov P
- Alfier A
- Alkseev A
- Allinson M
- Alper B
- Alves E
- Ambrosino G
- Ambrosino R
- Amicucci L
- Amosov V
- Angelone M
- Anghel M
- Angioni C
- Appel L
- Appelbee C
- Arena P
- Ariola M
- Arnichand H
- Arshad S
- Asakura NN
- Ash A
- Ashikawa N
- Aslanyan V
- Asunta O
- Auriemma F
- Austin Y
- Avotina L
- Axton MD
- Ayres C
- Bacharis M
- Baciero A
- Baiao D
- Bailey S
- Baker A
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- von Thun CP
- von Thun CP
- Vondracek P
- Vora N
- Vu T
- Wakeling B
- Waldon CWF
- Walkden N
- Walker M
- Walker R
- Walsh M
- Wang E
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- Warren RJ
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- Weckmann A
- Weiland J
- Weisen H
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- Wellstood C
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- Whetham S
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- Whitehead BD
- Widdowson AM
- Wiechec AB
- Wiesen S
- Wilkinson J
- Williams J
- Williams M
- Wilson AR
- Wilson DJ
- Wilson HR
- Wilson J
- Wischmeier M
- Withenshaw G
- Withycombe A
- Witts DM
- Wood D
- Wood R
- Woodley C
- Wray S
- Wright J
- Wright JC
- Wu J
- Wukitch S
- Wynn A
- Xu T
- Yadikin D
- Yanling W
- Yao L
- Yavorskij V
- Yoo MG
- Young C
- Young D
- Young ID
- Young R
- Zacks J
- Zagorski R
- Zaitsev FS
- Zanino R
- Zarins A
- Zastrow KD
- Zerbini M
- Zhang W
- Zhou Y
- Zilli E
- Zoita V
- Zoletnik S
- Zychor I
- Publication venue
- 'IOP Publishing'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
This paper compares the gyrokinetic instabilities and transport in two representative JET pedestals, one (pulse 78697) from the JET configuration with a carbon wall (C) and another (pulse 92432) from after the installation of JET's ITER-like Wall (ILW). The discharges were selected for a comparison of JET-ILW and JET-C discharges with good confinement at high current (3 MA, corresponding also to low rho(*)) and retain the distinguishing features of JET-C and JET-ILW, notably, decreased pedestal top temperature for JET-ILW. A comparison of the profiles and heating power reveals a stark qualitative difference between the discharges: the JET-ILW pulse (92432) requires twice the heating power, at a gas rate of 1.9 x 10(22) e s(-1), to sustain roughly half the temperature gradient of the JET-C pulse (78697), operated at zero gas rate. This points to heat transport as a central component of the dynamics limiting the JET-ILW pedestal and reinforces the following emerging JET-ILW pedestal transport paradigm, which is proposed for further examination by both theory and experiment. ILW conditions modify the density pedestal in ways that decrease the normalized pedestal density gradient a/L-n, often via an outward shift in relation to the temperature pedestal. This is attributable to some combination of direct metal wall effects and the need for increased fueling to mitigate tungsten contamination. The modification to the density profile increases eta = L-n/L-T, thereby producing more robust ion temperature gradient (ITG) and electron temperature gradient driven instability. The decreased pedestal gradients for JET-ILW (92432) also result in a strongly reduced E x B shear rate, further enhancing the ion scale turbulence. Collectively, these effects limit the pedestal temperature and demand more heating power to achieve good pedestal performance. Our simulations, consistent with basic theoretical arguments, find higher ITG turbulence, stronger stiffness, and higher pedestal transport in the ILW plasma at lower rho(*)
Radial variation of heat transport in L-mode JET discharges
- Author
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- Wiesen S
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- Wischmeier M
- Withenshaw G
- Withycombe A
- Witts DM
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- Wright JC
- Wu J
- Wukitch S
- Wynn A
- Xu T
- Yadikin D
- Yanling W
- Yao L
- Yavorskij V
- Yoo MG
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- Young R
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- Zagorski R
- Zaitsev FS
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- Zarins A
- Zastrow KD
- Zerbini M
- Zhang W
- Zhou Y
- Zilli E
- Zoita V
- Zoletnik S
- Zychor I
- Publication venue
- 'IOP Publishing'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
In this paper, we analyze heat transport in the JET tokamak using data from its high resolution ECE diagnostic and analyses based on the transfer entropy (TE). The analysis reveals that heat transport is not smooth and continuous, but is characterized by 'trapping regions' separated by `minor transport barriers'. Meat may 'jump over' these barriers and when the heating power is raised, this 'jumping' behavior becomes more prominent. To check that our results are relevant for global heat transport, we deduced an effective diffusion coefficient from the TE results. Both its value and overall radial variation are consistent with heat diffusivities reported in literature. The detailed radial structure of the effective diffusion coefficient was shown to be linked to the mentioned minor transport barriers
14 MeV calibration of JET neutron detectors-phase 1: Calibration and characterization of the neutron source
- Author
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- Wellstood C
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- Whitehead BD
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- Wiechec AB
- Wiesen S
- Wilkinson J
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- Williams M
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- Wilson DJ
- Wilson HR
- Wilson J
- Wischmeier M
- Withenshaw G
- Withycombe A
- Witts DM
- Wood D
- Wood R
- Woodley C
- Wray S
- Wright J
- Wright JC
- Wu J
- Wukitch S
- Wynn A
- Xu T
- Yadikin D
- Yanling W
- Yao L
- Yavorskij V
- Yoo MG
- Young C
- Young D
- Young ID
- Young R
- Zacks J
- Zagorski R
- Zaitsev FS
- Zanino R
- Zarins A
- Zastrow KD
- Zerbini M
- Zhang W
- Zhou Y
- Zilli E
- Zoita V
- Zoletnik S
- Zychor I
- Publication venue
- 'IOP Publishing'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2018
- Field of study
In view of the planned DT operations at JET, a calibration of the JET neutron monitors at 14 MeV neutron energy is needed using a 14 MeV neutron generator deployed inside the vacuum vessel by the JET remote handling system. The target accuracy of this calibration is 10% as also required by ITER, where a precise neutron yield measurement is important, e.g. for tritium accountancy. To achieve this accuracy, the 14 MeV neutron generator selected as the calibration source has been fully characterised and calibrated prior to the in-vessel calibration of the JET monitors. This paper describes the measurements performed using different types of neutron detectors, spectrometers, calibrated long counters and activation foils which allowed us to obtain the neutron emission rate and the anisotropy of the neutron generator, i.e.The neutron flux and energy spectrum dependence on emission angle, and to derive the absolute emission rate in 4π sr. The use of high resolution diamond spectrometers made it possible to resolve the complex features of the neutron energy spectra resulting from the mixed D/T beam ions reacting with the D/T nuclei present in the neutron generator target. As the neutron generator is not a stable neutron source, several monitoring detectors were attached to it by means of an ad hoc mechanical structure to continuously monitor the neutron emission rate during the in-vessel calibration. These monitoring detectors, two diamond diodes and activation foils, have been calibrated in terms of neutrons/counts within ± 5% total uncertainty. A neutron source routine has been developed, able to produce the neutron spectra resulting from all possible reactions occurring with the D/T ions in the beam impinging on the Ti D/T target. The neutron energy spectra calculated by combining the source routine with a MCNP model of the neutron generator have been validated by the measurements. These numerical tools will be key in analysing the results from the in-vessel calibration and to derive the response of the JET neutron detectors to DT plasma neutrons starting from the response to the generator neutrons, and taking into account all the calibration circumstances
Investigation of deuterium trapping and release in the JET divertor during the third ILW campaign using TDS
- Author
- Abduallev S
- Abhangi M
- Abreu P
- Afzal M
- Aggarwal KM
- Agostini FD
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- Zychor I
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
Selected set of samples from JET ITER-Like Wall (JET-ILW) divertor tiles exposed in 2015-2016 has been analysed using Thermal Desorption Spectrometry (TDS). The deuterium (D) amounts obtained with TDS were compared with Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA). The highest amount of D was found on the top part of inner divertor which has regions with the thickest deposited layers as for divertor tiles removed in 2014. This area resides deep in the scrape-off layer and plasma configurations for the second (ILW-2, 2013-2014) and the third (ILW-3, 2015-2016) JET-ILW campaigns were similar. Agreement between TDS and NRA is good on the apron of Tile 1 and on the upper vertical region whereas on the lower vertical region of Tile 1 the NRA results are clearly smaller than the TDS results. Inner divertor Tile 3 has somewhat less D than Tiles 0 and 1, and the D amount decreases towards the lower part of the tile. The D retention at the divertor inner and outer corner regions is not symmetric as there is more D retention poloidally at the inner than at the outer divertor corner. In most cases the TDS spectra for the ILW-3 samples are different from the corresponding ILW-2 spectra because HD and D-2 release occurs at higher temperatures than from the ILW-2 samples indicating that the low energy traps have been emptied during the plasma operations and that D is either in the energetically deep traps or located deeper in the sample
Long-lived coupled peeling ballooning modes preceding ELMs on JET
- Author
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- Zerbini M
- Zhang W
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- Publication venue
- 'IOP Publishing'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
In some JET discharges, type-I edge localised modes (ELMs) are preceded by a class of low-frequency oscillations (Perez et al 2004 Nucl. Fusion 44 609). While in many cases the ELM is triggered during the growth phase of this oscillation, it is also observed that this type of oscillation can saturate and last for several tens of ms until an ELM occurs. In order to identify the nature of these modes, a wide pre-ELM oscillation database, including detailed pedestal profile information, has been assembled and analysed in terms of MHD stability parameters. The existence domain of these pre-ELM oscillations and the statistical distribution of toroidal mode numbers (n) up to n = 16 have been mapped in ballooning alpha (alpha(ball)) and either edge current density (J(edge)) or pedestal collisionality (nu(ee,ped)*) coordinates and compared to linear MHD stability predictions. The pre-ELM oscillations are reliably observed when the J/alpha ratio is high enough for the pedestal to access the coupled peeling-ballooning (PB) domain (aka stability nose). Conversely, when the pedestal is found to be in or near the high-n ballooning domain (which is at low J/alpha ratio), ELMs are usually triggered promptly, i.e. with no detectable pre-ELM oscillations, or with pre-ELM oscillations only observable on ECE whose n appears to be too high to be resolved by the magnetics. Individual discharges can sometimes exhibit a fairly wide range of pre-ELM mode numbers, but for a wider database, the statistical n-number domains are found to be well ordered along the J - alpha stability boundary and behave as expected from PB theory: the higher the J/alpha ratio, the lower the mode's measured n tends to be. Within the measurement uncertainties, the measured n is usually found to be compatible with the most unstable n predicted by the linear stability code MISHKA1. These results confirm the earlier hypothesis that these modes are coupled peeling-ballooning modes, and extend and generalise to higher-mode numbers the work by Huysmans et al (1998 Nucl. Fusion 38 179), who identified the lowest n modes as pure external kink modes. Since the destabilisation of PB modes is widely accepted to give rise to ELMs, the mode saturation and delayed ELM triggering that is sometimes observed is rather unexpected. Possibilities to reconcile the extended lifetime of these modes with current ELM models are briefly discussed, but will require further investigation
Diagnostic of fast-ion energy spectra and densities in magnetized plasmas
- Author
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- Abhangi M
- Abramovic I
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- Withenshaw G
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- Xu T
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- Yanling W
- Yao L
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- Yoo MG
- Young C
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- Zacks J
- Zagorski R
- Zaitsev FS
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- Zarins A
- Zastrow KD
- Zerbini M
- Zhang W
- Zhou Y
- Zilli E
- Zoita V
- Zoletnik S
- Zychor I
- Publication venue
- 'IOP Publishing'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
The measurement of the energy spectra and densities of alpha-particles and other fast ions are part of the ITER measurement requirements, highlighting the importance of energy-resolved energetic-particle measurements for the mission of ITER. However, it has been found in recent years that the velocity-space interrogation regions of the foreseen energetic-particle diagnostics do not allow these measurements directly. We will demonstrate this for gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS), collective Thomson scattering (CTS), neutron emission spectroscopy and fast-ion D-alpha spectroscopy by invoking energy and momentum conservation in each case, highlighting analogies and differences between the different diagnostic velocity-space sensitivities. Nevertheless, energy spectra and densities can be inferred by velocity-space tomography which we demonstrate using measurements at JET and ASDEX Upgrade. The measured energy spectra agree well with corresponding simulations. At ITER, alpha-particle energy spectra and densities can be inferred for energies larger than 1.7 MeV by velocity-space tomography based on GRS and CTS. Further, assuming isotropy of the alpha-particles in velocity space, their energy spectra and densities can be inferred by 1D inversion of spectral single-detector measurements down to about 300 keV by CTS. The alpha-particle density can also be found by fitting a model to the CTS measurements assuming the alpha-particle distribution to be an isotropic slowing-down distribution
Deposition of impurity metals during campaigns with the JET ITER-like Wall
- Author
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- Zerbini M
- Zhang W
- Zhou Y
- Zilli E
- Zoita V
- Zoletnik S
- Zychor I
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
Post mortem analysis shows that mid and high atomic number metallic impurities are present in deposits on JET plasma facing components with the highest amount of Ni and W, and therefore the largest sink, being found at the top of the inner divertor. Sources are defined as "continuous" or "specific", in that "continuous" sources arise from ongoing erosion from plasma facing surfaces and "specific" are linked with specific events which decrease over time until they no longer act as a source. This contribution evaluates the sinks and estimates sources, and the balance gives an indication of the dominating processes. Charge exchange neutral erosion is found to be the main source of nickel, whereas erosion of divertor plasma facing components is the main source of tungsten. Specific sources are shown to have little influence over the global mid- and high-Z impurity concentrations in deposits
A machine learning approach based on generative topographic mapping for disruption prevention and avoidance at JET
- Author
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- Zerbini M
- Zhang W
- Zhou Y
- Zilli E
- Zoita V
- Zoletnik S
- Zychor I
- Publication venue
- 'IOP Publishing'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
The need for predictive capabilities greater than 95% with very limited false alarms are demanding requirements for reliable disruption prediction systems in tokamaks such as JET or, in the near future, ITER. The prediction of an upcoming disruption must be provided sufficiently in advance in order to apply effective disruption avoidance or mitigation actions to prevent the machine from being damaged.In this paper, following the typical machine learning workflow, a generative topographic mapping (GTM) of the operational space of JET has been built using a set of disrupted and regularly terminated discharges. In order to build the predictive model, a suitable set of dimensionless, machine-independent, physics-based features have been synthesized, which make use of 1D plasma profile information, rather than simple zero-D time series. The use of such predicting features, together with the power of the GTM in fitting the model to the data, obtains, in an unsupervised way, a 2D map of the multi-dimensional parameter space of JET, where it is possible to identify a boundary separating the region free from disruption from the disruption region. In addition to helping in operational boundaries studies, the GTM map can also be used for disruption prediction exploiting the potential of the developed GTM toolbox to monitor the discharge dynamics. Following the trajectory of a discharge on the map throughout the different regions, an alarm is triggered depending on the disruption risk of these regions. The proposed approach to predict disruptions has been evaluated on a training and an independent test set and achieves very good performance with only one tardive detection and a limited number of false detections. The warning times are suitable for avoidance purposes and, more important, the detections are consistent with physical causes and mechanisms that destabilize the plasma leading to disruptions
Current Research into Applications of Tomography for Fusion Diagnostics
- Author
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- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
Retrieving spatial distribution of plasma emissivity from line integrated measurements on tokamaks presents a challenging task due to ill-posedness of the tomography problem and limited number of the lines of sight. Modern methods of plasma tomography therefore implement a-priori information as well as constraints, in particular some form of penalisation of complexity. In this contribution, the current tomography methods under development (Tikhonov regularisation, Bayesian methods and neural networks) are briefly explained taking into account their potential for integration into the fusion reactor diagnostics. In particular, current development of the Minimum Fisher Regularisation method is exemplified with respect to real-time reconstruction capability, combination with spectral unfolding and other prospective tasks