Adsorption of Group-IV Elements on Graphene, Silicene, Germanene, Stanene: Dumbbell Formation

Silicene and germanene derivatives constructed from periodic dumbbell units play a crucial role in multilayers of these honeycomb structures. Using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, here we investigate the dumbbell formation mechanisms and energetics of Group IV atoms adsorbed on graphene, silicene, germanene and stanene monolayer honeycomb structures. The stabilities of the binding structures are further confirmed by performing ab-initio molecular dynamics calculations at elevated temperatures, except for stanene which is subject to structural instability upon the adsorption of adatoms. Depending on the row number of the adatoms and substrates we find three types of binding structures, which lead to significant changes in the electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of substrates. In particular, Si, Ge and Sn adatoms adsorbed on silicene and germanene form dumbbell structures. Furthermore, dumbbell structures occur not only on single layer, monatomic honeycomb structures, but also on their compounds like SiC and SiGe. We show that the energy barrier to the migration of a dumbbell structure is low due to the concerted action of atoms. This renders dumbbells rather mobile on substrates to construct new single and multilayer Si and Ge phases.Comment: Accepted for publication in J. Phys. Chem.

Density functional and dynamics study of the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on

a b s t r a c t A first principles study is performed to investigate the adsorption characteristics of hydrogen on magnesium surface. Substitutional and on-surface adsorption energies are calculated for Mg (0 0 0 1) surface alloyed with the selected elements. To further analyze the hydrogen-magnesium interaction, first principles molecular dynamics method is used which simulates the behavior of H 2 at the surface. Also, charge density differences of substitutionally doped surface configurations were illustrated. Accordingly, Mo and Ni are among the elements yielding lower adsorption energies, which are found to be À9.2626 and À5.2995 eV for substitutionally alloyed surfaces, respectively. In light of the dynamic calculations, Co as an alloying element is found to have a splitting effect on H 2 in 50 fs, where the first hydrogen atom is taken inside the Mg substrate right after the decomposition and the other after 1300 fs. An interesting remark is that, elements which acquire higher chances of adsorption are also seen to be competent at dissociating the hydrogen molecule. Furthermore, charge density distributions support the results of molecular dynamics simulations, by verifying the distinguished effects of most of the 3d and 4d transition metals

The bandstructure of gold from many-body perturbation theory

The bandstructure of gold is calculated using many-body perturbation theory (MBPT). Different approximations within the GW approach are considered. Standard single shot G0W0 corrections shift the unoccupied bands up by ~0.2 eV and the first sp-like occupied band down by ~0.4 eV, while leaving unchanged the 5d occupied bands. Beyond G0W0, quasiparticle self-consistency on the wavefunctions lowers the occupied 5d bands by 0.35 eV. Globally, many-body effects achieve an opening of the interband gap (5d-6sp gap) of 0.35 to 0.75 eV approaching the experimental results. Finally, the quasiparticle bandstructure is compared to the one obtained by the widely used HSE (Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof) hybrid functional

Optical properties of single-layer and bilayer arsenene phases

An extensive investigation of the optical properties of single-layer buckled and washboard arsenene and their bilayers was performed, starting from layered three-dimensional crystalline phase of arsenic using density functional and many-body perturbation theories combined with random phase approximation. Electron-hole interactions were taken into account by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation, suggesting first bound exciton energies on the order of 0.7 eV. Thus, many-body effects were found to be crucial for altering the optical properties of arsenene. The light absorption of single-layer and bilayer arsenene structures in general falls within the visible-ultraviolet spectral regime. Moreover, directional anisotropy, varying the number of layers, and applying homogeneous or uniaxial in-plane tensile strain were found to modify the optical properties of two-dimensional arsenene phases, which could be useful for diverse photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. ©2016 American Physical Society

Stability of single-layer and multilayer arsenene and their mechanical and electronic properties

Using first-principles spin-polarized density functional theory, we carried out an analysis on the atomic structure, stability, energetics, and mechanical and electronic properties of single-layer structures of arsenene. These are buckled honeycomb, symmetric, and asymmetric washboard arsenene structures. Our analysis is extended to include layered three-dimensional crystalline phase of arsenic, as well as bilayer and trilayer structures to reveal dimensionality effects. The buckled honeycomb and symmetric washboard structures are shown to maintain their stability at high temperatures even when they are freestanding. As a manifestation of the confinement effect, the large fundamental band gap of single-layer phases decreases with increasing number of layers and eventually is closed. Concomitantly, lattice constants partially increase, while interlayer distances decrease. The effects of hybrid functional or self-energy corrections together with the spin-orbit coupling on the electronic structure of arsenene are crucial. The responses of direct and indirect band gaps to biaxial or uniaxial strain are rather complex and directional; while the fundamental band gap decreases and changes from indirect to direct with the biaxial strain applied to buckled arsenene, these effects are strongly directional for washboard arsenene. The width and the indirect/direct character of the band gap can be tuned by the number of layers, as well as by applied uniaxial/biaxial strain. ©2016 American Physical Society

GaN: From three- to two-dimensional single-layer crystal and its multilayer van der Waals solids

Three-dimensional (3D) GaN is a III-V compound semiconductor with potential optoelectronic applications. In this paper, starting from 3D GaN in wurtzite and zinc-blende structures, we investigated the mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of the 2D single-layer honeycomb structure of GaN (g-GaN) and its bilayer, trilayer, and multilayer van der Waals solids using density-functional theory. Based on high-temperature ab initio molecular-dynamics calculations, we first showed that g-GaN can remain stable at high temperature. Then we performed a comparative study to reveal how the physical properties vary with dimensionality. While 3D GaN is a direct-band-gap semiconductor, g-GaN in two dimensions has a relatively wider indirect band gap. Moreover, 2D g-GaN displays a higher Poisson ratio and slightly less charge transfer from cation to anion. In two dimensions, the optical-absorption spectra of 3D crystalline phases are modified dramatically, and their absorption onset energy is blueshifted. We also showed that the physical properties predicted for freestanding g-GaN are preserved when g-GaN is grown on metallic as well as semiconducting substrates. In particular, 3D layered blue phosphorus, being nearly lattice-matched to g-GaN, is found to be an excellent substrate for growing g-GaN. Bilayer, trilayer, and van der Waals crystals can be constructed by a special stacking sequence of g-GaN, and they can display electronic and optical properties that can be controlled by the number of g-GaN layers. In particular, their fundamental band gap decreases and changes from indirect to direct with an increasing number of g-GaN layers. © 2016 American Physical Society

Lateral and Vertical Heterostructures of h-GaN/h-AlN: Electron Confinement, Band Lineup, and Quantum Structures

Lateral and vertical heterostructures constructed of two-dimensional (2D) single-layer h-GaN and h-AlN display novel electronic and optical properties and diverse quantum structures to be utilized in 2D device applications. Lateral heterostructures formed by periodically repeating narrow h-GaN and h-AlN stripes, which are joined commensurately along their armchair edges, behave as composite semiconducting materials. Direct-indirect characters of the fundamental band gaps and their values vary with the widths of these stripes. However, for relatively wider stripes, electronic states are confined in different stripes and make a semiconductor-semiconductor junction with normal band alignment. This way one-dimensinonal multiple quantum well structures can be generated with electrons and holes confined to h-GaN stripes. Vertical heterostructures formed by thin stacks of h-GaN and h-AlN are composite semiconductors with a tunable fundamental band gap. However, depending on the stacking sequence and number of constituent sheets in the stacks, the vertical heterostructure can transform into a junction, which displays staggered band alignment with electrons and holes separated in different stacks. The weak bonds between the cations and anions in adjacent layers distinguish these heterostructures from those fabricated using thin films of GaN and AlN thin films in wurtzite structure, as well as from van der Waals solids. Despite the complexities due to confinement effects and charge transfer across the interface, the band diagram of the heterostructures in the direct space and band lineup are conveniently revealed from the electronic structure projected to the atoms or layers. Prominent features in the optical spectra of the lateral composite structures are observed within the limits of those of 2D parent constituents; however, significant deviations from pristine 2D constituents are observed for vertical heterostructures. Important dimensionality effects are revealed in the lateral and vertical heterostructures. © 2017 American Chemical Society

Layer- and strain-dependent optoelectronic properties of hexagonal AlN

Motivated by the recent synthesis of layered hexagonal aluminum nitride (h-AlN), we investigate its layer- and strain-dependent electronic and optical properties by using first-principles methods. Monolayer h-AlN is a wide-gap semiconductor, which makes it interesting especially for usage in optoelectronic applications. The optical spectra of 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-layered h-AlN indicate that the prominent absorption takes place outside the visible-light regime. Within the ultraviolet range, absorption intensities increase with the number of layers, approaching the bulk case. On the other hand, the applied tensile strain gradually redshifts the optical spectra. The many-body effects lead to a blueshift of the optical spectra, while exciton binding is also observed for 2D h-AlN. The possibility of tuning the optoelectronic properties via thickness and/or strain opens doors to novel technological applications of this promising material. © 2015 American Physical Society

In-plane commensurate GaN/AlN junctions: Single-layer composite structures, single and multiple quantum wells and quantum dots

In-plane composite structures constructed of the stripes or core/shells of single-layer GaN and AlN, which are joined commensurately, display a diversity of electronic properties that can be tuned by the size of their constituents. In heterostructures, the dimensionality of the electrons changes from two dimensional (2D) to one dimensional (1D) upon their confinements in wide constituent stripes, leading to the type-I band alignment and hence multiple quantum well structure in the direct space. The δ doping of one wide stripe by another narrow stripe results in local narrowing or widening of the band gap. A single quantum well structure is acquired from the finite-size AlN-GaN-AlN junctions. In a patterned array of GaN/AlN core/shells, the dimensionality of the electronic states is reduced from two dimensional to zero dimensional, forming multiple quantum dots in large GaN cores, while 2D electrons propagate in multiply connected AlN shell as if they are in a supercrystal. A consistent and detailed discussion of the effects of confinement in momentum and direct spaces is provided. As a result of confinement, the variation of the band gap in the direct space is found to be rather different from the edges of the conduction and valence bands inferred from the band edges of constituent 2D single-layer GaN and AlN. Even if all the results in this study pertain to the free-standing single-layer composite structures, the effects of the different substrates over which these composites can grow are examined in detail. This study unveils the potential of composite structures in designing novel nanomaterials. These predictions are obtained from first-principles calculations based on density functional theory on 2D GaN and AlN compound semiconductors which were synthesized recently. © 2017 American Physical Society.Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnolog

Realization of a p-n junction in a single layer boron-phosphide

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted growing interest due to their potential use in the next generation of nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications. On the basis of first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, we first investigate the electronic and mechanical properties of single layer boron phosphide (h-BP). Our calculations show that h-BP is a mechanically stable 2D material with a direct band gap of 0.9 eV at the K-point, promising for both electronic and optoelectronic applications. We next investigate the electron transport properties of a p-n junction constructed from single layer boron phosphide (h-BP) using the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism. The n- and p-type doping of BP are achieved by substitutional doping of B with C and P with Si, respectively. C(Si) substitutional doping creates donor (acceptor) states close to the conduction (valence) band edge of BP, which are essential to construct an efficient p-n junction. By modifying the structure and doping concentration, it is possible to tune the electronic and transport properties of the p-n junction which exhibits not only diode characteristics with a large current rectification but also negative differential resistance (NDR). The degree of NDR can be easily tuned via device engineering. © the Owner Societies 2015