Development of Sarcomata in the Livers of Albino Rats Given Sodium Nitrite and Dimethylamine (Report 1)

It is a well-known fact that dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) causes the formation of liver cancer. And it is also recognized that DMNA is generated from dimethylamine in food and nitrite, a food additive, and that it is produced secondarily in the stomach. But there is a report that shows that albino rats practically given dimethylamine and sodium nitrite have developed no cancer. Therefore, in order to see whether the report is right or not, the present authors kept albino rats for 78 days giving them various degrees of concentration of sodium nitrite and dimethylamine solutions diluted with drinking water. As the result, no formation of tumours was found in the livers of those rats. But the decrease in the vitamin A content of their livers was observed, which suggested the disturbance of the liver function. Then in expectation of the probability that a longer period of administration of sodium nitrite and dimethylamine and a higher concentration of sodium nitrite might develop liver cancer, the authors kept rats for 410 days giving them higher concentrations of sodium nitrite (15 g/l and 30 g/l) as well as an ordinary concentration of it (5 g/l ), together with dimethylamine. The rats given sodium nitrite at higher concentrations died of methaemoglobinemia in a week or two, but the ones given at an ordinary concentration survived. One rat died on the 318th day, in whose liver a tumour was observed to have grown. Some tumours were also found in the spleen and the mesentery, which are considered to be metastatic tumours. One of the animals killed on the 410th day was found to have developed a tumour in the liver alone, which suggests that these tumours were liver-idiopathic. These tumours are conjectured through a pathohistological examination to be fibrous sarcomata of vascular origin. Judging from these results, the warning that these substances in food, i.e. dimethylamine and sodium nitrite, when they are ingested for a long time regardless of their quantities, will possibly cause the development of tumours in the liver cannot be disregarded

A high-fat diet aggravates tubulointerstitial but not glomerular lesions in obese Zucker rats

A high-fat diet aggravates tubulointerstitial but not glomerular lesions in obese Zucker ratsBackgroundDespite a large body of evidence that manipulation of dietary fat alters glomerular lesions, reports regarding the effects of dietary fat on tubulointerstitial lesions are limited. Obese Zucker rats (OZR) spontaneously develop glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions in association with hyperlipidemia. We sought to elucidate the effects of dietary fat on glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions in OZR versus lean Zucker rats (LZR) and to assess the involvement of macrophages in the development of these lesions.MethodsWe fed LZR and OZR either a low- (1%) or high-fat (20%) diet. After 30 weeks of the specified diet, the creatinine clearance (CCr) and renal histology as well as plasma lipid concentrations were examined. For morphological evaluation, glomerular sclerosis (GSI) and tubulointerstitial indices (TII) were each determined by a point-counting method. Infiltrating macrophages were stained immunohistochemically using an avidin-biotin complex technique.ResultsThe high-fat diet increased the plasma low-density lipoprotein concentration in OZR. Both low- and high-fat OZR groups had higher GSI and TII than LZR receiving either diet. The high-fat diet aggravated TII but not GSI or CCr in OZR; conversely, high fat intake worsened GSI and CCr but not TII in LZR. Tubulointerstitial macrophages were most prominent in the high-fat OZR group, followed by the low-fat OZR group. Glomerular macrophages were similar in number in all groups.ConclusionsThe manipulation of dietary fat has diverse effects on the kidney. A high-fat diet aggravated macrophage-mediated tubulointerstitial lesions in OZR, whereas in LZR, the diet induced glomerulosclerosis

Influence of the Excessive Intake of Monosodium L-Glutamate on the Growth and the Livers of Albino Rats

It is already known that the excessive administration of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) will cause various symptoms, and that the overmuch ingestion of amino acids will also give rise to liver disturbances. In the present study, MSG was administered to albino rats orally at varied concentrations, and its influences on the animals\u27 growth and on their livers were examined. In the group given a 1 % MSG solution, the deviation of the body-weight began to enlarge on about the 30th day, because some of the individuals had an inclination to grow corpulent. The vitamin A content of the liver from this group was larger than that from the control group. In the examination of the liver tissue specimens, a little fatty degeneration assumed to be due to toxication was observed, but it seemed not to be so severe as to impede liver function. In the group given a 5% MSG solution, some were thinner than the individuals of the 1 % group. The vitamin A content of the liver from this group was smaller than that from the control group. In some individuals in this group, their body coats turned brown in some spots, with some hairs falling off. Some of the liver tissue cells were attacked by necrosis, showing secondary fatty degeneration. The degeneration was presumed to be caused by toxication. In the group given a 10 MSG solution, all the individuals died by the 5th day. Their body coats had turned brown with a great many hairs falling off

Paediatric HIV and elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the ASEAN region: a call to action

Recent achievements in scaling up paediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) have changed the life of children living with HIV, who now stay healthy and live longer lives. However, as it becomes more of a chronic infection, a range of new problems have begun to arise. These include the disclosure of HIV serostatus to children, adherence to ART, long-term toxicities of antiretroviral drugs and their sexual and reproductive health, which are posing significant challenges to the existing health systems caring for children with HIV with limited resources, experiences and capacities. While intensified efforts and actions to improve care and treatment for these children are needed, it is crucial to accelerate the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, which is the main cause of paediatric HIV in the ASEAN region so as to eliminate the fundamental cause of the problem. This report argues that given over 70% of women have access to at least one antenatal care visit in the region and acceptance of HIV testing after receiving counselling on PMTCT could be as high as 90%, there is an opportunity to strengthen PMTCT services and eventually eliminate new paediatric HIV infections in the ASEAN countries

次世代育成に関する母性意識調査 : 看護学科と幼児教育学科の1年次生を対象に(創刊二十五周年記念号)

母性に関する環境が急激に変化しつつある現在、次世代育成に関する母性意識について学生がどのように考えているのかを知る目的で、看護学科と幼児教育学科の1年次生を対象に、質問紙調査を行った。その結果、1.母性意識の平均値は全体として幼児教育学生に比べ看護学生の方が高かった。2.両学生間で有意差のみられた項目は、「3.女性特有の天分や役割の総称」「12.保護、心配、世話、いたわりなどの行動様式」であった。3.評定段階で肯定する度合いの高かった項目は、「1.子どもとの関係を築き人間として育てていく力」であった。評定段階で否定する度合いの高かった項目は、「16.命も惜しまない母親の性質」であった。4.各学科ともそれぞれの傾向性が見られた。看護学生は母性を妊娠や出産として具体的に認識しやすく、幼児教育学生は育児行動の中に母性を感じている傾向にある。5.母性意識の全項目の平均値の上昇を考慮した授業内容の検討を考えていく。The authors performed questionnaire targeted at freshmen of nursing department and early childhood education department. The purpose of this investigation is to comprehend how the present students think about motherhood and parenting next generation in the time when our consciousness of motherhood is changing rapidly. We have found the following things: 1. The students in nursing department scored higher average than those in early childhood education department regarding motherhood consciousness. 2. Significant differences are seen in the categories, 3) motherhood as a general term for gifted roles special to female, and 12) motherhood as a behavior pattern of protection, worries, care and nurturing. 3. The item that most students acknowledged as motherhood is 1) the strength with which mothers build relationship with and bring up their children. The item that least students acknowledged as motherhood is 16) the nature of mother who dare to cost her life. 4. Apparent tendencies are seen in answers from each department. The nursing students tend to recognize motherhood physically as pregnancy and delivery. On the other hand, the early childhood education students tend to feel motherhood in child care behaviors. 5. The authors need to review the contents of the lectures to higher the scores of each item

ライフサイクルの連続性を重視した看護基礎教育 : 成育看護・母性看護・小児看護の視点からの検討

本研究は,看護基礎教育課程におけるライフサイクルを重視した看護教育の捉え方について成育看護・母性看護・小児看護の視点から分析し,今後の授業の方向性を明らかにすることを目的とした.研究デザインは,文献研究である.1999年から2008年までの10年間に発表された文献を検索し,「成育」「看護」に関して原著論文27件,「母子保健」「母性看護」「小児看護」に関して原著論文45件を分析対象とした.文献を分析した結果,母性から小児へのライフサイクルの連続性を重視した看護の必要性が明らかになった.The present study aimed to analyze the idea of the growth medical Treatment and the nursing at the nursing at the basic mursing education course from motherhood and infant\u27s aspects,and to clarify the directionality of the class in the future. The study design is a literature Study.The document announced in ten years from 1999 to 2008 was retrieved and 45 original paper was analyzed for "Growth" and "Nursing" for 27 original paper and Maternal and child health, Motherhood nursing, and Children nursing. Thenecessity of nursing that valued The continuousness at The life cycle as a result of analyzing the document was clarified

学生が主体的に取り組むThe Nursing College Seminar : 1995年から2005年の歩み

新見公立短期大学看護学科では、毎年1年次生の戴帽式の代わりとしてNursing College Seminar(以下、NCSとする)を設けている。これは、看護学生自身が関心をもっているテーマで講演・シンポジウムなどを開き、看護について考えを深めることを目的として1995年より導入しており、学生が主体的に学習していくきっかけ作りとしている。NCSを通して、参加学生は看護の深まりや他職種の連携を学んでおり、また今後の学習への動機付けや進路選択にも役立っていると考えられる。NCSは、運営自体を学生が主体的に行うことにより、テーマに関する知識の学習だけでなく、協調性を身につけたり、講師との交渉や接待など対外的な社会性を身につける機会にもなり、総合的な学習の効果が高いと考える。また、地域の看護職とも連携し共同開催の形式をとっており、実習関係者にとって研修の場としても意義高いと考える。In the Department of Nursing, Niimi College, a special seminar is planned and carried out by students themselves. Students determine subjects of the lecture and/or symposium according to their own interests in the fields of nursing. The seminar started in 1995 in order to encourage students in their study. The seminar is helpful for students to get motivation to study, to acquire knowledge about the essence of nursing and to make decision on the course to take after graduation. Because the seminar is planned and carried out by the students themselves, they need to cooperate with each other and to confer with speakers about the subjects, and they acquire sociality in the general public. The students also cooperate with nurses who work in local hospitals. The seminar acts as a study occasion for nurses in the local hospitals

「小児保健実習」の授業内容の評価 : 保育者の視点からの考察(創刊二十五周年記念号)

幼児教育学科の「小児保健実習」の授業内容の評価について、保育者の視点から必要性を検討した。その結果、食事の与え方では、離乳食の項目で全員が必要性を認識していた。健康児への生活援助では、成長・発達の指標となる身長・体重・胸囲測定に関する項目の必要性が高かった。また、健康観察では、子どもの健康状態の把握となる体温・呼吸測定に関する項目の必要性が高かった。次いで病気と異常時の対応では、事故に対する初期手当の方法に関する項目の必要性が高かった。今後の授業内容の方向性として必要性の高い項目については、小児保健の基礎的技術を確実に習得出来るように事例や事故の起こりやすい場面設定を用いた授業方法の検討が必要なことが示唆された。We have examined the contents of "Child Health Practice" in the Department of Early Childhood Education with the lecture evaluation by the early childhood education students. All the students think it necessary to learn about baby food feeding. Many students feel the necessity of knowing how to measure children\u27s height, weight and the chest circumference which indicates children\u27s growth and development. Many of them also realized the necessity to learn about taking body temperature and counting the respirations which index children\u27s health condition. They also have needs to learn about first aid in accidents. We would like to make the use of this evaluation and better the contents of "Child Health Practice.