The Usefulness of "Hybrid Unit" Goal-based Learning on Physical Education: Focusing on the practice of tag rugby, handball, and basketball in junior high schools

The purpose of this study was to address a motor learning program consisting of "hybrid units" and to clarify the usefulness of the learning sequence and arrangement by analyzing the common movement patterns among various athletic activities . Then, we conducted empirical lessons of two units: tag rugby-handball and handball-basketball. Results showed that " forming a line in a defense and "passing effectively in an attack" are common ways of moving. In addition, it was found that both defensive and offensive movements became progressively more complex and could be studied in a developmental sequence

Remodeling of Monoplanar Purkinje Cell Dendrites during Cerebellar Circuit Formation

Dendrite arborization patterns are critical determinants of neuronal connectivity and integration. Planar and highly branched dendrites of the cerebellar Purkinje cell receive specific topographical projections from two major afferent pathways; a single climbing fiber axon from the inferior olive that extend along Purkinje dendrites, and parallel fiber axons of granule cells that contact vertically to the plane of dendrites. It has been believed that murine Purkinje cell dendrites extend in a single parasagittal plane in the molecular layer after the cell polarity is determined during the early postnatal development. By three-dimensional confocal analysis of growing Purkinje cells, we observed that mouse Purkinje cells underwent dynamic dendritic remodeling during circuit maturation in the third postnatal week. After dendrites were polarized and flattened in the early second postnatal week, dendritic arbors gradually expanded in multiple sagittal planes in the molecular layer by intensive growth and branching by the third postnatal week. Dendrites then became confined to a single plane in the fourth postnatal week. Multiplanar Purkinje cells in the third week were often associated by ectopic climbing fibers innervating nearby Purkinje cells in distinct sagittal planes. The mature monoplanar arborization was disrupted in mutant mice with abnormal Purkinje cell connectivity and motor discoordination. The dendrite remodeling was also impaired by pharmacological disruption of normal afferent activity during the second or third postnatal week. Our results suggest that the monoplanar arborization of Purkinje cells is coupled with functional development of the cerebellar circuitry

The Usefulness of "Hybrid Unit" Goal-based Learning on Physical Education: Focusing on the practice of tag rugby, handball, and basketball in junior high schools

The purpose of this study was to address a motor learning program consisting of "hybrid units" and to clarify the usefulness of the learning sequence and arrangement by analyzing the common movement patterns among various athletic activities . Then, we conducted empirical lessons of two units: tag rugby-handball and handball-basketball. Results showed that "forming a line in a defense" and "passing effectively in an attack" are common ways of moving. In addition, it was found that both defensive and offensive movements became progressively more complex and could be studied in a developmental sequence

近赤外線スペクトロスコピィを用いた覚醒剤精神病と統合失調症の鑑別

Despite some slight differences in symptomatology, differential diagnosis of methamphetamine-induced psychosis (MAP) versus schizophrenia can be challenging because both disorders present a large overlap in their clinical symptoms. However, a recent study has shown that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) performed during a cognitive task can be a powerful tool to differentiate between these two disorders. Here, we evaluated verbal fluency task performance during NIRS in 15 patients diagnosed with MAP and 19 with schizophrenia matched for age and sex. We used prefrontal probes and a 24-channel NIRS machine to measure the relative concentrations of oxyhaemoglobin every 0.1 s during the task. For each patient, the neurocognitive function and clinical psychopathology were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), and the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Oxyhaemoglobin changes in the prefrontal cortex were significantly higher in the MAP group compared to those in the schizophrenia group, particularly in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, we found no significant difference in PANSS and BACS scores. Our findings suggest that NIRS measurement could be applied to differentiate patients with MAP from those with schizophrenia, even in cases where clinical symptoms are similar.博士（医学）・甲第645号・平成28年3月15日This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Sports Competence in Softball : How to Improve Control

本研究の目的は，ソフトボール初心者の中学２年生を対象に技術認識の向上によるパフォーマンスの向上と戦術学習により，自分で結果をコントロールできる自信である「統制感」を高めることであった。宣言的知識と手続き的知識の学習及び，スモールステップによるペッパーゲームとステップアンドスローのドリルによって学び方を考えながらプレイする授業プログラムを構成した。単元前統制感の高低によって反復測定分散分析を行った。結果，統制感下位群において，身体的有能さの認知，統制感，学習方略が有意に高まった。このことより，統制感下位群の生徒が実際のゲームで使える技術認識を向上させ，自分の上達を実感することによって運動学習に見通しを持って挑戦する意欲が高まったことが明らかになった。学習ノートの記述分析をしたところ，授業の進行とともに「手続き的知識」の記述とともに，「状況判断」や「運営」の記述数が増加した。技術認識と統制感を高めることによって状況判断のあるゲームを楽しんでいることが示唆された。The purpose of this study was to improve the control of sports competence. It was studied in softball novices among junior high school students (N=61). Learning about declarative knowledge and the procedural knowledge were programmed in physical education classes. Learning from a challenge, the ‘correction pepper game drill’ and the ‘step and throw drill’ by a small step were programed. As for the results of analysis of variance, the learning strategies and physical competence for control were improved in the lower group after the program. It was suggested that this program made the readiness to enjoy softball with making a prediction and judgment

Receptor for Activated Protein Kinase C: Requirement for Efficient MicroRNA Function and Reduced Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression that control physiological and pathological processes. A global reduction in miRNA abundance and function is a general trait of human cancers, playing a causal role in the transformed phenotype. Here, we sought to newly identify genes involved in the regulation of miRNA function by performing a genetic screen using reporter constructs that measure miRNA function and retrovirus-based random gene disruption. Of the six genes identified, RACK1, which encodes “receptor for activated protein kinase C” (RACK1), was confirmed to be necessary for full miRNA function. RACK1 binds to KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), a member of the Dicer complex, and is required for the recruitment of mature miRNAs to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In addition, RACK1 expression was frequently found to be reduced in hepatocellular carcinoma. These findings suggest the involvement of RACK1 in miRNA function and indicate that reduced miRNA function, due to decreased expression of RACK1, may have pathologically relevant roles in liver cancers

High viral load of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA sequences in Langerhans cell sarcoma tissues.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Langerhans cell (LC) sarcoma (LCS) is a high-grade neoplasm with overtly malignant cytologic features and an LC phenotype. We very recently suggested that LC behaves as a reservoir for common dermotropic Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and determined the relationship between LC histiocytosis (LCH), which has an underlining oncogenic capacity, and MCPyV as a trigger for a reactive process rather than a neoplastic process. We propose LC to be a reservoir for MCPyV and hypothesize that some LCS subtypes may be related to the MCPyV agent. FINDINGS: We examined seven LCS tissues using multiplex quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) and immunohistochemistry with anti MCPyV large-T (LT) antigen antibody. High viral loads of MCPyV DNA sequences (viral load = relative levels of MCPyV) were detected (0.328-0.772 copies/cell (Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) = 1.0)) using Q-PCR in 43% (3/7) tissues, but LT antigen expression was not observed (0/7). CONCLUSIONS: Frequent MCPyV-DNA amplification suggests that LCS in some patients may be related to MCPyV infection. Moreover, the higher viral load of LCS (median, 0.453 copies/cell) than low load of LCH (0.003, median of 12 cases) (P < 0.01) may suggest a virally induced tumorigenic process in some LCS. Although the absence of LT antigen expression may indicate a different role for MCPyV in this pathology, some subtypes of LCS may develop in the background of MCPyV-infected LC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the relationship between MCPyV and LCS. The recent discovery of MCPyV opened new therapeutic avenues for MCC. These data open novel possibilities for therapeutic interventions against LCS