Evaluation of renewable energy alternatives using MACBETH and fuzzy AHP multicriteria methods: the case of Turkey

Energy is a critical foundation for economic growth and social progress. It is estimated that 70% of the world energy consumption could be provided from renewable resources by the year 2050. Renewable energy is the inevitable choice for sustainable economic growth, for the harmonious coexistence of human and environment as well as for the sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the renewable energy alternatives as a key way for resolving the Turkey's energy-related challenges because of the fact that Turkey's energy consumption has risen dramatically over the past three decades as a consequence of economic and social development. In order to realize this aim, we comparatively use MACBETH and AHP-based multicriteria methods for the evaluation of renewable energy alternatives under fuzziness. We use 4 main attributes and 15 sub-attributes in the evaluation. The potential renewable energy alternatives in Turkey are determined as Solar, Wind, Hydropower, and Geothermal

Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitors and H2 Receptor Antagonists on the Ileum Motility

Objectives. To investigate the effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists on ileum motility in rats with peritonitis and compare changes with control group rats. Methods. Peritonitis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture in 8 rats. Another of 8 rats underwent a sham operation and were accepted as controls. Twenty-four hours later after the operation, the rats were killed, and their ileum smooth muscle was excised and placed in circular muscle direction in a 10 mL organ bath. Changes in amplitude and frequency of contractions were analyzed before and after PPIs and H2 receptor blockers. Results. PPI agents decreased the motility in a dose-dependent manner in ileum in both control and intraabdominal sepsis groups. While famotidine had no significant effect on ileum motility, ranitidine and nizatidine enhanced motility in ileum in both control and intraabdominal sepsis groups. This excitatory effect of H2 receptor antagonists and inhibitor effects of PPIs were significantly high in control group when compared to the peritonitis group. The inhibitor effect of pantoprazole on ileum motility was significantly higher than the other two PPI agents. Conclusions. It was concluded that H2 receptor antagonists may be more effective than PPIs for recovering the bowel motility in the intraabdominal sepsis situation

Değişik restorasyon materyallerinin zaman içindeki ağırlık değişimleri

The objective of this study was to assess the specific weight changes of different restorative materials used frequently in the clinic, by time. In this study ten kinds of restorative materials were studied. Three composite resins (3 M Valux Plus, 3 M; Admira, Voco; Tetric -Ceram, Vivadent), two conventional glass ionomer cements (Keta - Fil, ESPE; Ketac -Silver, ESPE), a resin modified glass ionomer cement (Photac - Fil, ESPE), a polyacid modified composite resin (Hytac, ESPE), two amalgams whose one each was in form as capsule (Cavex, Cavex), a porcelain inley material (Empress, Ivoclor) were compared. Six specimen of each material prepared as a cylinder shape in 8 mm height and 4 mm diameter. Weight and volume measurements of each specimen stored in distilled water were performed at 1 st, 7 th, 15 th, 30 th and 90 th days and marked by using 10^ paired very sensitive balance (Gec Avery, England). Specific weight of specimens were calculated at above mentioned days. Obtained data were analysed by using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, Bonferroni and Kruskall Wallis Tests. We observed that differences between the study groups were statistically significant and effect of sequent times are differents. According to this study fluid transmission exists between the restorative materials which used frequently in the clinic and the oral environment.Bu çalışmanın amacı, klinikte sık kullanılan restorasyon materyallerinin zaman içindeki ağırlık değişimlerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada, üç çeşit ışıkla sertleşen kompozit esaslı rezin (3 M Valux Plus, 3 M; Admira, Voco; Tetric - Ceram, Vivadent), iki çeşit konvansiyonel cam iyonomer siman (Keta -Fil, ESPE; Ketac - Silver, ESPE), bir çeşit ışıkla sertleşen resin modifiye cam iyonomer siman (Photac - Fil, ESPE), bir çeşit ışıkla sertleşen poliasit modifiye kompozit rezin (Hytac, ESPE), birisi kapsüllü olmak üzere iki çeşit amalgam (Cavex, Cavex), bir çeşit porselen inley (Empress, Ivoclor) kullanıldı. Her bir materyalden 4 mm çapında 8 mm uzunluğunda altışar tane silindir hazırlandı. Distile su içinde saklanan örneklerin 1,7, 15,30, 90 ve 180 günlük ağırlık ver hacim ölçümleri 10~4 hassasiyetle ölçüm veren hassas terazi (Gec Avery, England) ile yapıldı. Daha sonra her bir örneğin özgül ağırlığı hesaplandı. Elde edilen veriler Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, Bonferroni ve Kruskall Wallis Testleri kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Çalışma grupları arasındaki farkın anlamlı olduğu (P 0.005) ardışık zamanların farklı etkileri olduğu saptandı. Çalışmaya göre klinikte sık olarak kullanılan restorasyon materyalleri ağız ortamı ile sıvı alışverişinde bulunmaktadırlar

Farklı topikal flor ajanı uygulanan mine yüzeylerinin SEM ile incelenmesi ve mikrosertlik analizi

Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the microhardness and morphological changes of enamel surfaces treated with different topical fluoride agents. Materials and Methods: Ten human- impacted third molars were divided into four parts and then placed in acrylic blocks. The four specimens obtained from each tooth were randomly assigned to one of the four groups. The agents applied for four minutes are as follows: Group A; Sultan 00:60 second Flouride Gel (%2,55 NaF, %0,08 HF), group B; Medicom Denti- Care 60 second Treatment (%1,23 NaF ve HF), group C; TiF4 (%1) and the last group was determined as control group and no agent was used. Before and after the topical fluoride treatment, microhardness analyses were performed with 100 mNewton force during 15 seconds. Surface of the specimens were examined with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: Microhardness values of enamel increased significantly (p;lt;0,001) after fluoride application in all groups. The microhardness values of the control group specimens immersed in artifical saliva increased, also (p;lt;0,001). SEM examination showed that group A and B had CaF2 accumulation, and the group C treated with TiF4 showed a glaze- like surface coating. Conclusions: Topical fluoride agents produce certain changes on enamel surface. CaF2 pArticles and glazelike surface layer may be effective to get good clinical results from preventive treatments. Sonu;ccedil;: Topikal flor ajanları, uygulandığı mine y;uuml;zeyinde değişiklikler meydana getirmektedir. Y;uuml;zeyde CaF2 k;uuml;recikleri ve glaze tabakası oluşması koruyucu tedavi kapsamında klinik olarak etkin sonu;ccedil;lar alınmasında rol oynayabilirAmaç: Farklı topikal flor ajanı uygulanmış mine dokusundaki yüzey ve mikrosertlik değişimlerinin incelenmesidir. Gereçler ve Yöntemler: 10 adet yeni çekilmiş insan gömülü üçüncü molar dişi kron kısımları dört parçaya ayrıldıktan sonra mine yüzeyleri açıkta kalacak şekilde akril bloklara gömüldü. Örnekler her grupta 10’ar adet olacak şekilde rastgele dört gruba ayrıldı. Grup A; Sultan 00:60 second Flouride Gel (%2,55 NaF, %0,08 HF), grup B; Medicom Denti-Care 60 second Treatment (%1,23 NaF ve HF), grup C; TiF4 (%1) 4 dakika süreyle uygulandı, dördüncü grup ise kontrol grubu olarak belirlendi ve herhangi bir ajan uygulanmadı. Bütün gruplardaki örneklerin 15 saniye süreyle 100 mNewton kuvvet uygulanarak topikal flor uygulaması öncesi ve sonrasında mikrosertlik ölçümleri yapıldı. Örnek yüzeyleri Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobunda (SEM) incelendi. Bulgular: Mine dokusunda flor uygulaması sonrası mikrosertlik değerlerinde anlamlı bir artış olduğu (p0,001) bütün gruplarda belirlendi. Yapay tükrük içinde bekletilen kontrol grubu örnekleri mikrosertlik değerlerinde de artış olduğu saptandı (p0,001). SEM incelemeleri sonucunda kontrol grubunda herhangi bir değişiklik gözlenmezken, A ve B gruplarında CaF2 akümülasyonu, TiF4 uygulanan C grubunda ise mine yüzeyinde glaze tabakası oluşumu gözlendi. Sonuç: Topikal flor ajanları, uygulandığı mine yüzeyinde değişiklikler meydana getirmektedir. Yüzeyde CaF2 kürecikleri ve glaze tabakası oluşması koruyucu tedavi kapsamında klinik olarak etkin sonuçlar alınmasında rol oynayabilir

Effect of antioxidant on coronal seal of dentin following sodium-hypochlorite and hydrogen-peroxide irrigation

WOS: 000242681900006PubMed ID: 17212076Purpose: To reduce the microleakage of a self-etching priming dentin adhesive with the use of antioxidant or bur finishing after sodium-hypochlorite or hydrogen-peroxide irrigation. Methods: 70 single-root canals were enlarged and seven different treatment protocols were applied throughout the root canal treatment: The roots in Groups 1, 2, and 3 were irrigated with sodium-hypochlorite. Group 1 was used as the negative control with only sodium-hypochlorite irrigation whereas in Group 2, sodium-ascorbate was applied as an additional irrigation agent following sodium-hypochlorite. Irrigation procedure in Group 3 was same as in Group 1, however, after the roots in this group were obturated, cavities were cleaned off with a carbide bur (bur-finishing) to remove the effect of sodium-hypochlorite. Hydrogen-peroxide irrigation was used in Groups 4, 5 and 6; the procedural steps were similar to those of Groups 1, 2 and 3: hydrogenperoxide in Group 4, sodium-ascorbate application in Group 5, and bur-finishing in Group 6. Group 7 was the positive control with saline irrigation alone. All roots were obturated with Diaket sealer and gutta-percha cones using cold lateral condensation technique immediately after irrigation. A self-etching priming adhesive plus resin composite was applied after the endodontic treatment. The microleakage of dentin margins was determined using dye-penetration technique with clearing process. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney test showed that both sodium-hypochlorite and hydrogen-peroxide deteriorated the marginal seal of the dentin adhesive (P 0.05)