Decreased expression of MHC class II and cathepsin E in dendritic cells might contribute to impaired induction of antigen-specific T cell response in NC/Nga mice

NC/Nga (NC) mice are an animal model for human atopic dermatitis. We found that induction of antigen (Ag)-specific T cell response is diminished in ovalbumin (OVA)- immunized NC mice. Ability of Ag presentation in NC mouse dendritic cells (DCs) was significantly weaker than that in BALB/c and DBA/2 mouse DCs. Expression levels of MHC class II molecules and cathepsin E in NC mouse DCs were significantly lower that those in BALB/c and DBA/2 mouse DCs. These results indicate that low expression levels of MHC class II and cathepsin E might contribute to the defect in induction of Ag-specific T cells in NC mice

ジュニア キ ウンドウ センシュ ノ シンタイ ハツイク ト エイヨウ ソ トウ セッシュ リョウ ノ カカワリ

ジュニア期サッカー選手および野球選手の身体組成と栄養素等摂取状況の実態を把握し,ジュニア期運動選手の身体づくりにおける食事,栄養素等摂取の関わりについて考察することを目的とした。方法:15歳から17歳のサッカー選手(29名)および野球選手(42名)を対象に,生体インピーダンス法による身体組成測定と食物摂取頻度調査法による栄養素等摂取状況調査を実施した。結果:サッカー選手と野球選手はともに平均6.8年の競技歴があった。このとき,サッカー選手は15歳から17歳で身体組成および栄養素等摂取量に年齢の違いによる有意な差が見られなかったのに対し,野球選手は17歳で体重や体脂肪率が増加し,栄養素等摂取量も増加した。身体組成と栄養素等摂取量との関わりを検討した結果,ジュニア期運動選手においては除脂肪体重とエネルギー摂取量および炭水化物摂取量との間に有意な正の相関が見られた。結論:ジュニア期運動選手における除脂肪体重の増加には,炭水化物摂取の重要性が示唆された。The aim of this study was to estimate body composition and nutritional intakes, and to take basal data for dietary assessment of junior athletes. Methods:we estimated height, body weight, and body compositions such as body fat and lean body mass by bio-impedance methods, and nutritional intakes by food frequency questionnaire methods. Twenty-nine football players and forty-two baseball players 15yr to 17yr of age participated in this study. Results:Body mass, body fat percentage and nutritional intakes in 17yr significantly increased in baseball players compared with those in football players. In football players, there is no significant difference in body composition and in nutritional intake among the three different ages. On the other hand, in 17yr baseball players, body mass, muscle mass and body fat mass, and energy intakes were significantly higher than those of 16yr of age. There are significant correlations between lean body mass and intakes of energy or carbohydrate, but not protein or lipid. Conclusions:These results indicate that high school junior athletes might have suitable body composition and have done sufficient nutritional intakes, suggesting that it might be important for increasing lean body mass to have sufficient carbohydrate intakes

Effect of extracted garlic powder ingestion for two months on exercise-induced immunological responses

Introduction. Exhaustive exercise is associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Previously, allicin supplementation has been reported to reduce the incidence of common cold symptoms and production of exercise-induced interleukin (IL)-6. However, it is not clear if daily ingestion of the edible portion of whole garlic (Allium sativum) alters the exercise-induced immunological response. The present study investigated the effects of extracted garlic powder ingestion for 2 months on immune cell counts, natural killer cell activity (NKCA), as well as changes in cytokines, cortisol, and lactic acid in response to high-intensity cycling exercise. Methods. The present study employed a before-after study design. Six sedentary male participants (age, 22.0±0.3 years) consumed extracted garlic powder for 2 months, and underwent 45 minutes of cycling exercise at 80% of the heart rate reserve once before and once after the supplementation period. A thousand milligrams of extracted garlic powder, comparable to 6 g (1 clove) of raw garlic, was ingested every day. Blood samples were obtained at the following five time points: before exercise, 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min after exercise. We measured NKCA, leukocyte counts, neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, as well as levels of serum IL-6, IL-10, cortisol, and lactic acid. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analyses. When interaction effects were significant, measurement values at the various time points were compared between pre- and post-supplementation period using the paired t-test. Changes were deemed statistically significant when p\u3c0.05. Results. We observed no significant difference in pre-exercise measurements between pre- and post-supplementation periods. In addition, we found no significant interaction effect for leukocytes, neutrophils, NKCA, IL-10, and cortisol. However, we did identify a significant interaction effect for lymphocytes, IL-6, and lactic acid (p=0.033, p=0.030, and p\u3c0.001, respectively). Lymphocyte counts were significantly lower post-supplementation relative to pre-supplementation immediately after exercise (p=0.014). In addition, IL-6 was significantly lower post-supplementation relative to pre-supplementation immediately and 30 minutes after exercise (p=0.015 and p=0.018, respectively). Lactic acid levels were significantly lower post-supplementation relative to pre-supplementation immediately after exercise (p=0.018). Conclusions. The extracted garlic powder did not significantly influence exercise-induced responses by leukocytes, neutrophils, NKCA, IL-10, or cortisol. However, exercise-induced responses by lymphocytes, IL-6, and lactic acid were suppressed after ingestion of extracted garlic powder. Thus, daily ingestion of the edible portion of whole garlic may suppress exercise-induced immunological responses and lactic acid levels

ハコネ エキデン オ メザシタ ヒンケツ ヨボウ タイサク

本研究では,箱根駅伝出場をめざす大学陸上競技長距離選手において,短期的な高所トレーニング合宿時の栄養調査およびHb濃度測定を実施した。ヘモグロビン濃度は8名が低下傾向を示す,いわゆる貧血症状であった。貧血傾向にある選手にヘム鉄剤を服用し,貧血の改善が可能かどうか検討した。その結果,鉄剤服用選手は,合宿直後および2週間後においてヘモグロビン濃度が改善された。また,合宿前のHb濃度は,1年生が4年生の濃度より有意に低かった。また,本合宿時における1日の鉄分摂取量は平均10.5mgであり,不足気味であった。我々は,貧血検査,鉄剤服用および栄養改善などの貧血予防対策により箱根駅伝出場を果たすことができたと推察する。The purpose of this study was to carry out a nutrition survey and also ascertain hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations at the time of a short high-altitude training camp, in the collegiate long-distance runners aiming for the finals of Hakone\u27s long-Distance relay. The hemoglobin concentrations in eight runners showed a declining trend, which is a symptom of anemia. Those runners who were in an anemia trend took hem iron and we examined whether or not the improvement of anemia was a possibility. As a result, hemoglobin concentrations in the iron recipient runners improved just after and also 2 weeks after this camp. Also, the Hb concentrations before this camp in the first year students were significantly lower than the concentrations of the fourth year student. The iron intake on this training camp averaged 10.5mg per day and was felt to be insufficient. It was considered that we were able to achieve the finals of Hakone\u27s long-distance relay by the anemia inspection, iron recipe and also subsequent nutrition improvement

ショクイクジュギョウ ニ サンカ シタ ジョシガクセイ ノ ショクモツセッシュ オヨビ ホコウウンドウジッシ ノ ジョウキョウ

近年,若年層の朝食欠食をはじめ食生活の乱れや運動不足が問題視されている。T大学では食の専門家を育成しており,将来的に食育活動に携わる者も少なくない。そこで本研究ではT大学1年次生を対象に食育トライアル授業を計画し,参加学生の食物摂取状況や運動習慣を把握することにより,今後の授業計画のための基礎資料を得ることを目的とした。対象者は,食育トライアル授業に参加した学生のうち,調査に協力の得られた女性13名であった。調査の結果,1日あたりの食品群別摂取量は,穀類が366g,いも類は37g,緑黄色野菜は75g,その他の野菜は112g,魚介類は44g,肉類は80g,卵類は22g,菓子類が66gであった。一人一日あたりのエネルギー摂取量は,推定エネルギー必要量とほぼ一致していた。脂質エネルギー比率は29.4%,炭水化物エネルギー比率は56.8%であった。カルシウム,鉄分,水溶性ビタミン類,食物繊維の摂取量は不足するリスクが認められた。特に鉄分と食物繊維は対象者全員で不足のリスクが高かった。食品の適切な選択方法についての知識や技術を身につけること,さらに食環境整備が必要であると考えられた。ライフコーダーにより歩行数を測定した結果,1日の平均歩行数は10,434±2,606歩であり,健康日本21の目標値を上回る人は13名中9名であった。一方,速歩や強い強度の運動時間が短かったことから,今後は健康増進のためにも運動強度を高める教育が必要と考えられた。In recent years, the dietary lifestyle and lack of physical activity has been regarded as a problem for Japanese youth. We have completed a trial Shokuiku (Dietary education) class which consisted of 13 female students who also acted as experimental participants. We monitored their regular eating habits and physical activity levels. The results indicated that the participants consumed 366g/day of cereals, 37g/d potato, 75g/d green/yellow vegetables, 112g/d other vegetables, 44g/d fishes, 80g/d meats, 22g/d egg, 66g/d of sweets/snacks. The daily energy intake of the participants closely matched the Estimated Energy Requirement. Fat energy ratio was 29.4%, and carbohydrate energy ratio was 56.8%. Most of the participants didn\u27t reach to the EAR level of calcium, iron, and soluble vitamins. For these participants, the lack of iron and dietary fiber was obvious. These results suggested that they need to acquire the knowledge and the know-how to consume the necessary nutrients. According to the results of the Lifecoder, the step counts of female participants were 10,434±2,606 and the walking speed was relatively slow. These results suggested that they need to improve their walking pace for their health promotion

ジョシ シンタイソウ センシュ ニ オケル チュウショク ノ エネルギーリョウ ガ エネルギー セッシュリョウ ヤ タイシボウリツ ニ オヨボス エイキョウ

本研究は減量期の女子新体操選手に対する5週間の昼食提供が1日の総エネルギー摂取量や体重,体脂肪率に及ぼす影響を検討することを目的とした。対象者は16名(年齢19.5±1.0歳)であり,昼食のエネルギー量は561±74kcal,たんぱく質量は29.2±4.3gであった。身体特性は昼食提供前(提供前)と昼食提供後(提供後)の計2回,栄養素等摂取量は提供前と昼食提供中(提供中)を調べた。統計解析は対応のあるt-検定,Wilcoxonの符号付き順位和検定,McNemar検定,Pearsonの積率相関係数,Spearmanの順位相関係数を用いた。昼食を提供した結果,総エネルギー摂取量,食事別エネルギー摂取量および総エネルギー消費量には提供前と提供中で有意な違いがみられず,昼食エネルギー摂取割合は提供前(23.3±10.4%)に比べて提供中(36.5±15.3%)が有意に増加した(p=0.005)。提供前と提供後で除脂肪体重には有意差がみられなかったものの,体重(48.4±3.2kgから47.6±3.2kg, p=0.001)および体脂肪率(13.4±2.0%から12.3±1.6%,p=0.008)は有意に低下した。しかし,体脂肪率の変化量は食事別エネルギー摂取割合の変化量との間に有意な関連がみられなかった。以上より,昼食提供は1日のエネルギー摂取量,食事別エネルギー摂取量に影響を与えず,昼食エネルギー摂取割合を増加させ,体脂肪率を減少させることが示された。体脂肪率と各因子間には有意な関連がみられなかったが,昼食を摂ることは減量期の選手にとって重要である可能性が示唆された。The present study aimed to examine the effect of lunch on total energy intake, body weight, and body fat percentage during weight reduction periods. Sixteen female rhythmic gymnasts (mean age, 19.5±1.0 years) participated in this study. School lunch was provided (561±74kcal, 29.2±4.3g protein) for five weeks. Physical characteristics were assessed twice, before (Before) and after (After) the lunch-providing period. Dietary intake was assessed twice, Before and during the lunch-providing period. The paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, McNemar test, Pearson\u27s product moment correlation coefficient, and Spearman\u27s rank correlation coefficient were used for the statistical analyses. After the lunch-providing period, no significant differences were found in total energy intake, each meal energy intake, and total energy expenditure relative to Before and during the lunch providing-period, but a significant increase was found in the ratio of lunch to total energy intake (23.3±10.4% to 36.5±15.3%, p=0.005). Moreover, significant decreases in body weight (48.4±3.2kg to 47.6±3.2kg, p=0.001) and body fat percentage (13.4±2.0% to 12.3±1.6%, p=0.008), but not lean body mass, were observed relative to Before. However, changes in body fat percentage were not correlated with changes in the ratio of each meal energy intake. From these results, providing lunch does not affect total energy intake or each meal energy intake, but increases the ratio of lunch to total energy intake and decreases body fat percentage. The body fat percentage was not correlated with each factor. Our findings suggest the importance of providing lunch to female rhythmic gymnasts during weight reduction periods

リンショウケンキュウ ト エキガクケンキュウ ニ オケル ロンブン ノ シツ ヲ タカメルタメ ノ コクサイドウコウ ヒト ヲ タイショウ ト シタ ケンキュウデザイン ノ エビデンス・グレーディング

本研究は,人を対象とした治療や健康増進の効果を明らかにする研究のエビデンスを示す方法をレビューすることを目的とした。疫学や臨床研究においては,研究デザインによって,エビデンスのグレーディング(grading : 格付け)が行われている。各種の研究デザインにおける論文を評価したり,論文の質を高めるためにチェックリストや声明が開発されている。また,人を対象とした介入研究を実施する場合には,パブリケーション・バイアスの減少,研究の倫理,臨床試験参加の推進につながるため,事前の臨床試験登録(clinical trial registry : CTR)が必要である。世界的な11の医学雑誌からなる「国際医学雑誌編集者委員会(International Committee of Medical Journal Editors : ICMJE)」は,臨床試験の登録(clinical trial registry : CTR)を論文投稿の条件としている。疫学研究や臨床研究を実施する場合には,こうした動向を理解する必要がある。This narrative reviews the means of effectively evaluating evidence in the outcome of clinical trial and quality of health care. The grading of evidence in clinical and epidemiologic studies has been provided to improve the study design and to raise the quality of publications. Check lists and guidelines are developed to reduce publication bias, and clinical trial registry has the potential to facilitate ethics and to increase participation of clinical trials. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has proposed that only clinical trials are published that are registered at inception. These trends are to be appreciated when epidemiologic or clinical study is conducted

ムシュウ ニンニク 2カゲツカン ノ セッシュ ハ ウンドウ ユウハツセイ IL-6 ジョウショウ ヲ ヨクセイ スル：ゼンゴ ヒカク シケン

ニンニクに含まれるアリシンはヒトで運動誘発性インターロイキン（IL）6産生を抑制することが報告されている。しかし，アリシンは特有の強い臭気を持つため，実生活を考えると日常的に使用することが難しい。我々はそこで，無臭ニンニク（odorless garlic ; OG）2か月間摂取が運動誘発性IL-6産生と他の免疫応答を減弱する可能性について検討することを目的とした。日頃からあまり活動的でない6名の健康な男性（22.0±0.7歳）を対象に一日当たり1 gのOGを2か月間にわたって摂取させた。研究での運動負荷条件は推定最大心拍数の80％強度の自転車運動とし，45分間実施した。運動負荷は，実験開始前（control群 ; CON-Ex）とニンニク摂取2か月後（odorless garlic supplementation and exercise群 ; OG-Ex）に実施した。血液サンプルは運動負荷を行う前，運動負荷直後（0 min），30分後，60分後に採取し，IL-6，IL-10，白血球数，好中球数，リンパ球数，Natural Killer Cell Activity （NKCA），コルチゾールを測定した。運動負荷前から運動負荷60分後までの上昇曲線下面積（iAUC）を算出し，統計解析には繰り返しのある二元配置分散分析（ANOVA）およびHolm’s methodを用いた対応のあるt検定を行った。運動負荷前の生化学値にはCON-ExとOG-Exの間に有意な差は見られなかった。運動負荷後の白血球数，好中球数，リンパ球数，NKCA，IL-10，およびコルチゾールに交互作用は見られなかったものの，IL-6には交互作用が見られた（p＝0.011）。OG-Ex 群の運動誘発性IL-6 iAUC値はCON-Ex群に比べて有意な低下がみられた（CON-Ex, 82.5±12.2 min･pg/mL ; OG-Ex, 55.5±14.2 min･pg/mL ; p＝0.018）。今回の結果は2か月間のOG摂取が運動誘発性IL-6上昇を抑制するという仮説を支持する結果となった。しかしながら，OG摂取は他の免疫指標に影響を及ぼすことはなかった。OG摂取が運動誘発性の免疫機能に及ぼす影響については，今後のさらなる研究が必要である。Allicin, which is a primary compound in crushed garlic, inhibits exercise-induced interleukin (IL)-6 production in humans. However, the daily use of crushed garlic or stabilized allicin is not practical due to the strong odor of allicin. We therefore investigated the possibility that odorless garlic (OG) supplementation for 2 months attenuates exercise-induced IL-6 and other immunological responses. Six healthy untrained men (aged 22.0±0.7 years) consumed 1 g of OG per day for 2 months. Participants underwent two 45-min periods of acute cycling exercise at 80% intensity of heart rate reserve (HRR). The first period was at baseline (control exercise ; CON-Ex) and the second after 2 months of OG supplementation (odorless garlic supplementation and exercise ; OG-Ex). To assess levels of IL-6, IL-10, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, Natural Killer Cell Activity (NKCA) and cortisol, blood samples were collected before and immediately (0 min), and 30 and 60 min after each 45-min period of exercise. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test with Holm’s method were performed, and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) from before to 60 min after exercise was calculated. No significant differ­ences in the pre-exercise levels of biochemical indices were observed between the CON-Ex and OG-Ex assessments. No significant interaction effects were observed in exercise-induced changes in leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, NKCA, IL-10, or cortisol. A significant interaction effect was observed in exercise-induced changes in IL-6 (p＝0.011). OG consumption also significantly decreased the iAUC of IL-6 (CON-Ex, 82.5±12.2 min･pg/mL ; OG-Ex, 55.5±14.2 min･pg/mL ; p＝0.018). Our findings support the hypothesis that two months of OG supplementation attenuates exercise-induced increases in IL-6 levels among untrained men. However, OG did not exert a similar effect on other immunological parameters. Further study is required to clarify the effect of OG on exercise-induced activation of the immune system

グンマケンNチョウザイジュウコウレイシャ ノ カレイ ニ ヨル シンタイ エイヨウジョウタイ ノ ヘンカ ニ カンスル ジッタイチョウサ

本研究は,65歳以上の健康な地域在住高齢者の(対象者95名)栄養状態を把握し,栄養教育における課題を抽出することを目的とした。ベースラインの調査は,2000年に行い,追跡調査を2005年に行った。5年間に,男女ともに身長,体重が有意に低下していた。血液性状は,2000年に比べて2005年で赤血球数,ヘモグロビン濃度,アルブミン濃度およびHbA1c濃度が有意に低下し,HDLコレステロール濃度が有意に増加していた。しかし,アルブミン値が3.8g/dl未満の高齢者は一人もみられなかった。栄養素等摂取状況は,2000年に比べて2005年で男性ではビタミンCおよび鉄摂取量が有意に低下していた。女性ではビタミンB2,鉄摂取量が有意に低下していた。そこで鉄不足状態が発現する可能性についてヘモグロビン値を元に正常群(男性 : Hb≧13g/dl, 女性 : Hb≧12g/dl),鉄不足群(男性 : Hb<13g/dl, 女性 : Hb<12g/dl)の2群に分けて検討したところ,鉄不足群は2000年においては11名であったのに対し,2005年には26名に増えていた。性,年齢を補正した結果,正常群に比べて鉄不足群で,2000年時におけるたんぱく質,鉄およびビタミンB12摂取量が有意に低値を示した。以上の結果より,本研究対象者において低アルブミン血症を示す高齢者は観察されず,たんぱく質栄養状態は全対象者で良好であった可能性,2005年で増加した鉄不足状態の発現には,2000年におけるたんぱく質,鉄およびビタミンB12等の摂取量の不足が関わる可能性が示唆された。The purpose of this study was to estimate nutritional conditions among elderly community residents (95persons, ≧65 years old), and to explore strategies for nutritional education. A baseline survey was carried out in 2000 and was followed-up in 2005. During the 5 years, mean values of height and weight significantly decreased in both sexes. Levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, serum albumin and serum HbA1c significantly decreased, while HDL-cholesterol levels significantly increased in a follow-up survey when compared to levels in the baseline survey. Intakes of dietary fat, iron and vitamin C in males, or iron and vitamin B2 in females were significantly decreased in the follow-up survey compared to those in the baseline survey. Based on hemoglobin levels in 2005, the participants were divided into two groups ; the iron normal group (male : Hb≧13g/dl, female : Hb≧12g/dl) and iron deficient group (male : Hb<13g/dl, female : Hb<12g/dl). Iron deficient group increased in the follow-up survey more than in the baseline survey. Adjusted for sex and age, protein, iron and vitamin B12 intakes in the baseline survey were significantly lower in the iron deficiency group than in the iron normal group. In addition, there were no subjects with hypoalbuminemia (Alb<3.8g/dl). In conclusion, this study suggested that dietary insufficiency of protein, iron and vitamin B12 intake at the onset of 2000 resulted in an increase in the number of iron deficiency persons in the follow-up survey

ソクヨク ニ オケル ジンコウ ボウショウセン ガ ジリツシンケイカツドウ ニ アタエル エイキョウ

本研究は人工芒硝泉による足浴が自律神経活動に及ぼす影響について検討することを目的とした。健康な若年男女計6名(男性3名 : 20.7±0.6歳,女性3名 : 21.3±0.6歳)を対象に,人工芒硝泉浴,淡水浴,湯なし条件(対照座位)の足浴条件を1日1条件,ランダムな順序で施行した。対象者には20分間座位安静をとってもらい,引き続き足浴前値の測定を行った。足浴は座位にて41℃(33L)の温湯に両足膝下約10cmまで15分間浸漬して行った。足浴終了後は対象者自身が水分を拭き取り,両足を毛布で覆い,60分間座位安静を保った。その間,心拍数,心拍変動周波数に基づく自律神経活動,鼓膜温を測定するとともに,体感温度,眠気,疲労感などの主観的評価をVisual Analogue Scale(VAS)を用いて記録した。その結果,人工芒硝泉浴及び淡水浴により体感温度は有意に上昇したが,鼓膜温及び心拍数に有意な変動は見られなかった。また淡水浴後は交感神経活動の有意な亢進が認められたが,人工芒硝泉浴後はそれが見られなかった。本結果から人工芒硝泉による足浴は足浴後の交感神経活動の亢進を抑え,疲労感の低減に寄与する可能性が示唆された。This study was conducted to estimate the effect of a footbath with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) on autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Each of three young healthy males (age, 20.7±0.6 years) and females (age, 21.3±0.6 years) participated in 3 conditions in random order, footbaths with or without Na2SO4, and a sitting position without water as a control. Each subject sat on a chair and kept quiet for 20min with heart rate (HR) stabilized, and subsequently basal measurements were conducted. In a sitting position, they dipped their calves 10cm under their knee joints into hot water (41℃, 33L) for 15min. Immediately after the bathing, they removed moisture, covered their knees with a blanket and sat for 60min thereafter. Counts of HR, ANS activity based on frequency of HR variability, and a core temperature using an eardrum thermometer were measured. The degree of thermal comfort such as relatively hot or relatively cool, sleepiness and fatigue were also estimated using visual analogue scales (VAS). As a result, both footbaths with and without Na2SO4 significantly increased the subjective thermal comfort, while the core temperature and HR counts were unaffected. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity was significantly increased by the footbath without Na2SO4, but not with Na2SO4. These observations suggested that in the footbath, Na2SO4 might have an inhibitory effect on increased SNS activity, and induce some depressive effects on feeling of fatigue