Move and Construal Examined: A Case Study With Tough Constructions

This paper studies Hornstein's (2001) proposal that construal in natural language involves movement (construal-as-movement [CAM]), by examining the CAM analysis of tough constructions. The CAM analysis suffers because (a) it necessitates the global evaluation of derivational economy, (b) it is incompatible with the fact that tough-infinitives may be AP-internal, (c) it predicts the parallelism between tough-constructions and infinitival relatives, contrary to the fact, and (d) its treatment of Case is problematic. Finally, 1 briefty present a non-CAM analysis where the problems that arise with the CAM approach disappear. Although this study is primarily concerned with the CAM analysis of tough-constructions, the problems found herein reftect the problems of the CAM approach in general

θ-Theory and Configuration

Chomsky 1993, 1995, 2000, 2001a, 2001b, following Hale and Keyser 1993, assumes that θ-roles are assigned in a certain structural configuration at logical form (LF), to be referred to as the configurational theory of θ-role licensing (CTTL). This approach eliminates the relevance of argument (θ-) structure within narrow syntax (NS), thus rendering D-structure superfluous. This study examines how argument (θ-) structure and other base properties (traditionally associated with D-structure) are captured, without D-structure, in minimalism. While Chomsky advocates the CTTL, θ-theory appears to covertly play a crucial role in NS: the properties associated with D-structure are not fully subsumed under LF. Hence, the base properties cannot be fully assumed by the conceptual-intentional interface.Chomsky 1993, 1995, 2000, 2001a, 2001b, suivant Hale et Keyser 1993, présume que les rôles θ sont assignés en forme logique (FL) en fonction de la configuration structurale, ce qui est appelé ici théorie configurationnelle de la légitimation thématique (TCLT). Cette approche élimine la nécessité de la structure argumentale (θ) dans la syntaxe pure (SP), rendant ainsi la structure D superflue. La présente étude examine comment la structure argumentale (θ) et d’autres propriétés de base (associées traditionnellement à la structure D) peuvent être saisies en minimalisme, sans postuler la structure D. Bien que Chomsky adhère à la TCLT, la théorie θ continue de jouer implicitement un rôle prépondérant en SP : les propriétés associées à la structure D ne sont pas strictement du domaine de la FL, et donc ne peuvent pas être pleinement assumées par l’interface conceptuelle-intentionnelle

Alleged small clauses in Japanese

This paper is concerned with what is referred to as an alleged small clause (ASC-) construction, as in John-wa Mary-o itoshiku omotta/John-TOP Mary-ACC lovable thought/‘John considered Mary lovable’. The most popular view among researchers today is that Mary-o and itoshiku form a small clause complement of the epistemic predicate omotta (e.g., Kikuchi and Takahashi 1990, Sode 1999, and Fukumitsu 2002). Koizumi (2002), however, points out a number of problems in the standard view. In this paper, I also argue against the small clause analysis of ASC-constructions, because a cluster of the syntactic and morphological properties of ASC-constructions is not predicted by a small clause analysis. Under the present analysis, itoshiku and omotta form a V-complex [itoshiku omotta] taking Mary-o as the direct (theme) object, and John as the experiencer subject. As such, itoshiku is a V-modifier, not having a direct thematic relation with Mary-o

リンゴ小球形潜在ウイルスベクターを用いたアンズ（Prunus armeniaca L.）およびウメ(P. mume Siebold & Zucc.)の遺伝子機能評価系の開発

Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vectors have been shown to effectively induce stable virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in a wide range of plant species, including rosaceous fruit tree species such as apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), pear (Pyrus communis L.), and Japanese pear (P. pyrifolia Nakai). In this study, we attempted to develop a VIGS-based gene evaluation system for two Prunus fruit tree species, apricot and Japanese apricot, using ALSV vectors. A partial sequence of the P. armeniaca PHYTOENE DESATURASE (ParPDS) gene was cloned and ligated into the T-DNA region of a binary vector, pBICAL2, designed based on RNA2 of ALSV. The resultant pBICAL2-ParPDS was introduced into a disarmed Agrobacterium strain, EHA105. pBICAL1, a binary plasmid for the expression of ALSV RNA1 in plants, was also introduced into EHA105. Leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana were infected with pBICAL1/EHA105 and pBICAL2-ParPDS/EHA105 simultaneously to produce and amplify recombinant ALSV particles. The amplified ParPDS-ALSV in N. benthamiana was isolated and infected into the cotyledons of apricot and Japanese apricot seedlings by particle bombardment. Although our attempts to infect wild and recombinant ALSVs into Japanese apricot seedlings were unsuccessful, uniform discoloration of the upper leaves, a typical phenotype of PDS knock down, was observed several weeks after inoculation in apricot seedlings. We discuss the possible use of this VIGS-based gene evaluation system in Prunus.リンゴ小球形潜在ウイルス(apple latent spherical virus; ALSV)ベクターは, リンゴ(Malus × domestica Bork.), セイヨウナシ(Pyrus communis L.)およびニホンナシ(P. pyrifolia Nakai)などのバラ科果樹を含む幅広い植物種に無病徴で感染し, 安定してウイルス誘導性ジーンサイレンシング(virus-induced gene silencing; VIGS)を誘導できることが報告されている. 本研究では, ALSV ベクターを用いた VIGS 法により, アンズおよびウメの 2 種のサクラ属果樹の遺伝子機能評価系の開発を試みた. アンズのフィトエン不飽和化酵素(PHYTOENE DESATURASE; PDS)遺伝子の部分配列をクローニングし, ALSV RNA2 をコードするバイナリーベクター pBICAL2 の T-DNA 領域に組み込んだ. このコンストラクトおよび ALSV RNA1 をコードするバイナリーベクター pBICAL1 をそれぞれアグロバクテリウムに導入した. これらのアグロバクテリウム系統を同時に Nicotiana benthamiana の葉に接種し, 組み換え ALSV を増幅した. 増幅した組み換え ALSV を抽出し, 遺伝子銃を用いてアンズおよびウメの子葉に接種した. 数週間後, アンズの上位葉では PDS のノックダウンによる白化が観察されたが, ウメでは ALSV ベクターの感染が確認できなかった. サクラ属果樹における VIGS を利用した遺伝子機能評価の有効性について議論した