Simultaneous determination of trichothecenes of type A and B, and zearalenone in corn-products

Materiał badawczy stanowiło 27 produktów przemiału ziarna kukurydzy, tj. mąki (n = 12) i kasze kukurydziane (n = 15), zakupionych w marketach w 2008 roku. Zawartość trichotecenów typu A i B oraz zearalenonu w badanym materiale oznaczono przy użyciu wysoko sprawnej chromatografii cieczowej HPLC MS/MS. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz w mąkach kukurydzianych stwierdzono obecność 9 z 12 analizowanych mikotoksyn. Były to mikotoksyny: NIV, DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, DAS, HT-2, T-2, T-2 TETRAOL, ZON. W tej grupie produktów nie stwierdzono występowania jedynie trzech mikotoksyn: FUS-X, NEO, T-2 TRIOL. W kaszach kukurydzianych zidentyfikowano 6 mikotoksyn. Były to: NIV, DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, ZON. Dominującą mikotoksyną, występującą w największym stężeniu we wszystkich badanych próbach był DON.The material investigated were 27 maize grain-milled products, i.e.: corn flour (n = 12) and corn grits (n = 15) purchased in supermarkets in 2008. Contents of trichothecene of A and B types and of Zearalenone were determined in the material investigated using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with MS/MS. Based on the analyses performed, it was found that the corn flours contained 9 of 12 mycotoxins under investigation. The mycotoxins found were as follows: NIV, DON, 3-AcDON, 15- AcDON, DAS, HT-2, T-2, T-2 TETRAOL, and ZON. It was reported that three mycotoxins were not present in this group, namely: FUS-X, NEO, and T-2 TRIOL. Six toxins were identified in the corn grits analysed, i.e.: NIV, DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, and ZON. DON was found to be a prevailing toxin of the highest concentration in all the samples studied

The Potential of Traditional Norwegian KVEIK Yeast for Brewing Novel Beer on the Example of Foreign Extra Stout

The development of craft brewing has spurred huge interest in unusual and traditional technologies and ingredients allowing the production of beers that would fulfil consumers’ growing demands. In this study, we evaluated the brewing performance of traditional Norwegian KVEIK yeast during the production of Foreign Extra Stout beer. The content of alcohol of the KVEIK-fermented beer was 5.11–5.58% v/v, the extract content was 5.05–6.66% w/w, and the pH value was 4.53–4.83. The KVEIK yeast was able to completely consume maltose and maltotriose. The mean concentration of glycerol in KVEIK-fermented beers was higher than in the control sample (1.51 g/L vs. 1.12 g/L, respectively). The use of KVEIK-type yeast can offer a viable method for increasing the concentration of phenolic compounds in beer and for boosting its antioxidative potential. The beers produced with KVEIK-type yeast had a total phenol content of 446.9–598.7 mg GAE/L, exhibited antioxidative potential of 0.63–1.08 mM TE/L in the DPPH• assay and 3.85–5.16 mM TE/L in the ABTS•+ assay, and showed a ferric ion reducing capacity (FRAP) of 3.54–4.14 mM TE/L. The KVEIK-fermented bears contained various levels of volatile compounds (lower or higher depending on the yeast strain) and especially of higher alcohols, such as 3-metylobutanol, 2-metylobutanol, and 1-propanol, or ethyl esters, such as ethyl acetate or decanoate, compared to the control beers. In addition, they featured a richer fruity aroma (apricot, dried fruit, apples) than the control beers fermented with a commercial US-05 strain

Utilization of spent brewer’s yeast for supplementation of distillery corn mashes

The aim of the study was to use spent brewer’s yeast biomass (SBY) as a nutrient adjunct of distillery type corn mashes to improve the process of ethanol fermentation by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There were prepared corn mashes with raw material loading at 20% ww. with SBY addition at solids loadings of 0 (control); 0.1; 0.5; 0.7; 1.0; 3.0 and 5.0% ww. The obtained mashes were inoculated with yeast and subjected to batch fermentation for 72 h. It was observed that supplementation of corn mashes with SBY improved the process of fermentation. The consumption of sugars and production of ethanol by yeast in supplemented mashes was accelerated and the overall ethanol yield was improved by 6.5 to 11% depending on the amount of added SBY. It was also observed that the fermentation could be shortened by 24 h in mashes enriched with SBY

Utilization of spent brewer’s yeast for supplementation of distillery corn mashes

The aim of the study was to use spent brewer’s yeast biomass (SBY) as a nutrient adjunct of distillery type corn mashes to improve the process of ethanol fermentation by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There were prepared corn mashes with raw material loading at 20% ww. with SBY addition at solids loadings of 0 (control); 0.1; 0.5; 0.7; 1.0; 3.0 and 5.0% ww. The obtained mashes were inoculated with yeast and subjected to batch fermentation for 72 h. It was observed that supplementation of corn mashes with SBY improved the process of fermentation. The consumption of sugars and production of ethanol by yeast in supplemented mashes was accelerated and the overall ethanol yield was improved by 6.5 to 11% depending on the amount of added SBY. It was also observed that the fermentation could be shortened by 24 h in mashes enriched with SBY

Yeast Strains and Wort Color as Factors Affecting Effects of the Ethanol Fermentation Process

Dark malts used in the production of brewing wort affect the ethanol fermentation process, the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and the physiology of yeast cells. An innovative element of this research is the combination of investigating the effect of beer wort color modulated by the use of dark specialty malts on the course and effects of fermentation and the characteristics of post-fermentation yeast biomass of brewer’s strains with different characteristics. Dark and pale beer were obtained. The beers had different ethanol contents (4.51–5.79% v/v), resulting from real (62.29–80.36%) and apparent (75.37–98.26%) attenuation levels. Metabolic and morphological differences were demonstrated in the brewer’s yeast strains used. S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus was distinguished by its ability to ferment dextrin, resulting in the highest ethanol content in beers. The total phenolic content in beer depends on the color of the wort and the yeast strain used (244.48–547.56 mg of gallic acid/L). Dark beers show higher ferric ion reduction ability (FRAP) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS•+) than pale beers fermented with the same yeast strains. Through biomass analysis, differences in yeast cell physiology depending on yeast strain and beer wort color were also revealed

Utilization of waste bread for bioethanol production

Celem pracy była ocena przydatności technologicznej odpadowego chleba pszenno-żytniego, o znacznym stopniu porażenia pleśnią, jako surowca w procesie fermentacji etanolowej. Materiałem badawczym był odpadowy chleb pszenno-żytni (zwroty ze sklepów po terminie przydatności do spożycia) wykazujący oznaki powierzchniowego porażenia pleśnią. Podłoża fermentacyjne z odpadowego pieczywa przygotowano poprzez zacieranie energooszczędną metodą bezciśnieniowego uwalniania skrobi (BUS). Przygotowane zaciery o zawartości surowca [% (m/m)]: 28 (I), 32 (II) i 36 (III) zaszczepiono drożdżami Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol Red i poddano fermentacji metodą okresową. Oznaczono dynamikę procesu fermentacji oraz, metodą HPLC, profile węglowodanowe zacierów, zmiany stężenia substratów i ilości metabolitów (etanol, glicerol, kwas bursztynowy i octowy) powstających w trakcie fermentacji. Oznaczono również stan fizjologiczny komórek drożdży metodą mikroskopową przed i po zakończeniu fermentacji. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników obliczono parametry wydajności procesu fermentacji etanolowej i oceniono przydatność technologiczną badanego surowca. Stwierdzono, że proces fermentacji zacierów trwał 68 h niezależnie od ilości surowca. Najlepszą dynamikę procesu wykazywały zaciery o 32 % zawartości surowca. Początkowe stężenie cukrów (glukozy, maltozy i maltotriozy) było większe w zacierach o większym udziale surowca. W trakcie fermentacji drożdże wykorzystały prawie całą ilość dostępnych węglowodanów. W płynach fermentacyjnych oznaczono typowe produkty uboczne fermentacji (glicerol oraz kwas bursztynowy i octowy). Największe stężenie glicerolu (14,56 g/l) oznaczono w próbie o 36 % zawartości surowca (III). Stężenie etanolu wytworzonego przez drożdże w badanych podłożach wynosiło 60,7 g/l (I), 72,7 g/l (II) i 83,1 g/l (III). Największą wydajność procesu (ok. 70 %) uzyskano w wyniku fermentacji zacierów o zawartości surowca 32 i 36 %. Po zakończeniu fermentacji użyte drożdże charakteryzowały się większą zawartością komórek nieaktywnych w porównaniu z biomasą wyjściową. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że optymalna zawartość chleba pszenno-żytniego w zacierze wynosi 32 %.The objective of the research study was to assess the technological usefulness of highly mouldcontaminated waste wheat-rye bread as a raw material in the production of bioethanol. The research material was a waste wheat rye-bread (returned by shops after the expiration of its shelf life) showing superficial mould contamination spots. Waste bread fermentation media were produced using a mashing procedure based on an energy-saving pressure-less starch release method. The obtained mashes containing 28 (I), 32 (II), and 36 (III) [% (w/w)] of the raw material were inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol Red yeast and fermented using a periodic method. Determined were the dynamics of fermentation, carbohydrate profiles of the mashes (by a HPLC method), and changes in the concentration rate of substrates and in the quantity of metabolites (ethanol, glycerol, succinic acid, and ethanoic acid) produced during the fermentation process. The physiological condition of yeast cells was evaluated prior to and after the fermentation using a microscopic technique. On the basis of the results obtained, the yield parameters of the ethanol fermentation process were computed and the technological usefulness of the raw material studied was assessed. It was found that the fermentation process of mashes lasted 68 h regardless of the quantity of raw material therein. The mashes containing 32 % of raw material showed the best process dynamics. The initial concentration rate of sugars (glucose, maltose, and maltotriose) was higher in the mashes with a higher content of raw material. During the fermentation, the yeast utilized almost all of the carbohydrates available. In the fermentation liquids, typical fermentation by-products were found (glycerol, succinic acid, and acetic acid). The highest concentration rate of glycerol (14.56 g/l) was determined in the sample containing 36 % of raw material (III). The concentration rate of ethanol produced by the yeast in the media studied was 60.7 g/l (I), 72.7 g/l (II), and 83.1 g/l (III). The highest process yield (ca. 70 %) was obtained while fermenting mashes containing 32 and 36 % of raw material. After the fermentation completed, th

Assessment of green lentil malt as a substrate for gluten-free beer brewing

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze whether it is possible to brew beer without using cereals so that the produced beverage could be easily accessible for the population suffering from celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Green lentil seeds were malted and then mashed using a congress mashing procedure to assess their advantages and disadvantages in the brewing process. Based on the congress mashing procedure, the mashing process needed to produce beer was developed, and beers were produced from the lentil malts germinated during malting for 96 h, 120 h and 144 h. It was possible to produce beers from the lentil malts; however, they were characterized by a lower alcohol content, lower degree of attenuation and some discrepancies between the concentrations of various volatiles (such as acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and 1-propanol) compared to the control beer produced from barley malt

Effect of Hop Varieties and Forms in the Hopping Process on Non-Alcoholic Beer Quality

The aim of this study was to determine how the hopping technique affects the quality of non-alcoholic beer (NAB). A series of NABs were brewed and tested for basic physicochemical characteristics, profiles of selected volatile compounds, and microbial contamination. The brewing process yielded 13 experimental groups of beers, all of which had an ethanol content of <0.5%v/v. Among the batches brewed with ‘Marynka’ hops, the pellet form was found to provide the highest concentrations of hop-derived volatile compounds, whereas in the ‘Magnum’ groups, the extracts and whole hops proved superior. Humulene and caryophyllene were the primary volatiles in terms of quantity. All the brews were contamination-free—no microbes other than yeast cells were detected. Their microbiological purity was also supported by an assay of beer-defect indicators (volatile compounds), which only showed low levels of acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, 2-methylbutanol, and 3-methylbutanol. The hopping technique deployed was found not to affect the physicochemical parameters of NABs, but did have a significant impact on their volatile compound profile