A Note On Line Graphs

In this note we define two generalizations of the line graph and obtain some results. Also, we mark some open problems

Pain relief in labour: tramadol versus pentazocine

Background: The present study was undertaken to compare the effect of 100 mg intramuscular tramadol to 30 mg intramuscular Pentazocine for labour analgesia.Methods: A total of 60 cases with 37-40 weeks pregnancy in labour, without any foetal or maternal complications were selected. Out of them Inj. Tramadol was given to 30 cases while rest of the 30 patients received injection Pentazocine.Results: In Tramadol group pain relief was observed in 80% cases, effect started as early as 7-8 min and continued for 2.13 hrs. While in Pentazocine group pain relief was observed in only 60% cases with delayed onset (15-16 min), effect lasted for 2.67 hrs. Maternal and foetal complications were slightly more in Pentazocine group.Conclusions: Tramadol is an effective and safe labour analgesic, producing moderate to satisfactory. Besides it also significantly shortens the duration of labour

Study of etiology, clinical profile and predictive factors of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis of liver

Background: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is one of the potentially lethal complication of liver cirrhosis and is defined as infected ascites in the absence of any recognizable secondary cause of infection. Majority of the SBP cases are caused by organism from the gastrointestinal tract mainly aerobic gram-negative organisms- Escherichia coli being the most common etiological agent.Methods: It was a prospective observational study done over a period of 1 year in a tertiary care hospital. 50 patients from medical and gastroenterology wards were included in the study. Patients above 12 year of age with diagnosed cirrhosis of liver and documented evidence of SBP were included. Pregnant females, patients who refused to give consent, patients with a documented evidence of intra-abdominal source of infection or patients with ascitis due to non-hepatic causes were excluded.Results: The high serum bilirubin and creatinine levels were associated with higher mortality rate. Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with worse outcome. The outcome of the patient in relation to the grades of ascitis, liver enzymes, prothrombin time, international normalised ratio (INR), Child pugh grades, ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear leucocyte count, ascitic fluid culture and blood culture were not statistically significant.Conclusions: A high index of suspicion should exist for SBP in patients with cirrhosis and ascitis. Serum creatinine and bilirubin levels are strong predictors of mortality. Hepatic encephalopathy has a strong association with mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Need for increased clinical awareness of tuberculosis during pregnancy and puerperium in India

TB is leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women of reproductive age in India. TB is under-diagnosed among women due to a number of barriers to care. The timely diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) during pregnancy is of utmost importance to both the mother and the fetus. Strategic efforts to identify and document active Tb disease in pregnant and post-partum cases are key steps to successful treatment and program execution. To stay on track with the Sustainable Development Goal 2030 by WHO to end Tb by 2030 and reduce tuberculosis-related morbidity and mortality, more concentrated efforts on tuberculosis in pregnant and postpartum women is critical and innovative approaches to case detection are needed. Intensified research and innovation are the important pillars and components of sustainable Development Goals 2030 and discovery, development and rapid uptake of new tools, interventions and strategies are called for. This systematic review aimed to gather and evaluate evidence based studies on TB diagnosis in pregnancy, as per WHO standard guidelines for TB care - RNTCP, in order to recommend proposals for better practices to improve active TB diagnosis for pregnant women, aligned with the End Tb Strategy of SDG2030. The data search for studies on TB care in pregnancy the authors intended to select those addressing screening/diagnosis, prevention of mother-to-child transmission for women in pregnancy. The authors put forth evidence that there should be special provision made for screening, timely diagnosis and management of pregnant women with TB

A Survey on Fog Computing Security Issues and Challenges

Fog computing is a paradigm that extends Cloud computing and services to the edge of the network which eliminates the limitations such as abeyance, curtailed mobility, absenteeism of location awareness, security short comings etc. This survey paper gives an overview of fog computing, its benefits, challenges, architectural components, security and privacy issues. Also discusses about the encryption algorithms, techniques, security requirements and the key challenges for fog computing

Role of obstetrician and gynecologist in diagnosis and management of breast lump

Background: This study of last three years undertaken to determine the types of breast lumps as seen by an obstetrician and gynecologist and to determine the high risk factors for diagnosing malignant breast lump and guide patient for early and proper management.Methods: The diagnostic triad of clinical examination, FNAC and mammography was used to help detect a malignant mass.Results: Out of 202 cases, 162 were of benign breast lump and 40 of malignant breast lump. Age and family history were the most important risk factors. Other risk factors were nulliparity, first child after 30 years of age and postmenopausal age. Fibroadenoma was the most common benign tumor usually occurring at a younger age. Of the 40cases of malignant breast lump, only 45% were detected early.Conclusion: All gynecologist should examine patient’s reproductive organs as well breast and also learn patient - how to examine breast herself regularly. Thus all obstetrician and gynecologist should participate in the breast cancer screening and help detect this malignancy in its early stage

Evolutionary dynamics on strongly correlated fitness landscapes

We study the evolutionary dynamics of a maladapted population of self-replicating sequences on strongly correlated fitness landscapes. Each sequence is assumed to be composed of blocks of equal length and its fitness is given by a linear combination of four independent block fitnesses. A mutation affects the fitness contribution of a single block leaving the other blocks unchanged and hence inducing correlations between the parent and mutant fitness. On such strongly correlated fitness landscapes, we calculate the dynamical properties like the number of jumps in the most populated sequence and the temporal distribution of the last jump which is shown to exhibit a inverse square dependence as in evolution on uncorrelated fitness landscapes. We also obtain exact results for the distribution of records and extremes for correlated random variables

Sustainable Water Treatment with Induced Bank Filtration

This study demonstrates that an induced bank filter (IBF) system can treat raw water polluted with Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Similar to riverbank filtration (RBF), induced or reversed bank filtration relies on natural processes to clean water, including filtration through layers of allochthone alluvial sediments and a bioactive layer that forms on top of the filter after a ripening period. At the study site, located in Southwestern India, villagers rely on a mountain spring for their water supply. Although of generally high quality, the spring water contains E. coli bacteria (up to ~2000 MPN/100 mL). Raw water diverted from this spring was gravity-fed into the IBF system, which consisted of a (1) flow regulator, (2) pre-filter and (3) the actual IBF filter. Designed and constructed based on pilot testing of prototype filters, a full-scale filter (5 m by 7 m by 2 m) was built and its performance and maintenance requirements were studied during both the monsoon season and the dry season. The data show that the IBF significantly improved the water quality. Turbidity and E. coli concentrations were reduced to or below the detection limit (approximately 2.5 log unit reduction). During the peak of the monsoon season (August), E. coli was present in the IBF effluent after a storm destroyed the cover of the IBF tank. The IBF construction and maintenance costs were documented. Extrapolated over a 10-year period, the cost of IBF water was 3 and 10 times lower than reverse osmosis or water supplied by truck, respectively. This study demonstrates that IBF can be part of an affordable water supply system for rural villages in mountainous terrain where conventional RBF systems cannot be installed or where other water treatment technologies are out of financial reach