Effect of mutagens on regeneration and growth of in vitro grown epicotyl segments of rough lemon seedlings (Citrus jambhiri Lush.)

The present study on the effect of mutagens on regeneration and growth of in vitro grown epicotyls segments of rough lemon seedlings (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) was carried out during the years 2009- 2010 and 2010- 2011 in the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Developmental characteristics of the in vitro grown epicotyls segments on regeneration media were treated employing gamma radiation in Gray(Gy) at 0, 5,10,15, 20,25,30,35,40 and 45 Gy; the alkylating agent ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) each at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,0.5 and 0.6% (v/v) were evaluated. Epicotyl segments from one month old in vitro grown seedling were cultured in regeneration medium (MS+BAP 1.0 mglit-1) under controlled laboratory conditions (25±2? C, 16 hr photoperiod, 2000 lux light). LD50, the dose required to kill half of the tested population corresponded to 35Gy for gamma radiation, 0.3% each for EMS and MMS treatments. Number of days taken for regeneration increased with increasing dose of gamma irradiation, EMS and MMS. Percent regeneration, number of buds, number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves, internodal length, primary root length and number of secondary roots decreased with increasing dose of gamma radiation , EMS and MMS. The study would be beneficial to induce desirable variations in plant growth characteristics of rough lemon by the use of mutagens treatment

In vitro plant regeneration in rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) through epicotyl segments by direct shoot organogenesis

The effect of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of growth hormones on direct regeneration from one month old epicotyl segments of in vitro grown rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) seedlings was studied. The earliest bud induction in 7.5 days, highest bud induction frequency (98.50%), percent regeneration(90.53) were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1mglit-1) with an average number of 12.50 buds per explants. The epicotyls segments with proliferated buds were transferred to elongation media in order to improve the recovery of normal shoots. Maximum number of elongated shoots (8.50) was obtained on MS medium having BAP (0.5mglit-1) + Gibberellic Acid (GA3)(1.0 mglit-1).These elongated shoots were then rooted on MS medium containing Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.1mglit-1) + Indole-3-aceticacid(IAA)(0.5mglit-1) with highest rooting percentage(96%) and root number(5.0). Early (10.10 days) rooting was observed in MS medium supplemented with NAA1.0 mglit-1 + IBA0.5 mglit-1.The plantlet survival was 98.52%, when plantlets were transferred to plastic pots containing a mixture of garden soil and vermiculite (1:1). The hardened plants were successfully established in the soil. The present study developed protocol which can be reliably used for in vitro regeneration of rough lemon and for gene transfer studies in rough lemon, especially to induce salinity and Phytophthora tolerance

Model ingredients and peak mass production in heavy-ion collisions

We simulate the central reactions of $^{20}$Ne+$^{20}$Ne, $^{40}$Ar+$^{45}$Sc, $^{58}$Ni+$^{58}$Ni, $^{86}$Kr+$^{93}$Nb, $^{129}$Xe+$^{118}$Sn, $^{86}$Kr+$^{197}$Au, and $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au at different incident energies for different equations of state, different binary cross sections and different widths of Gaussians. A rise-and-fall behavior of the multiplicity of intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) is observed. The system size dependence of peak center-of-mass energy E$_{c.m.} ^{max}$ and peak IMF multiplicity $^{max}$ is also studied, where it is observed that E$_{c.m.}^{max}$ follows a linear behavior and $^{max}$ shows a power-law dependence. A comparison between two clusterization methods, the minimum spanning tree and the minimum spanning tree method with binding energy check (MSTB), is also made. We find that the MSTB method reduces the $^{max}$, especially in heavy systems. The power-law dependence is also observed for fragments of different sizes at E$_{c.m.} ^{max}$ and the power-law parameter $\tau$ is found to be close to unity in all cases except A$^{max}$.Comment: 6 Figures, 7 page

Evaluation of different doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting, survival and vegetative growth performance of hardwood cuttings of Flordaguard peach (Prunus persica L. Batch)

The present study was conducted on the evaluation of different doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting, survival and vegetative growth performance of hardwood cuttings of Flordaguard peach (Prunus persica L. Batch) during the years 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur. The hardwood cuttings of 10 years old Flordaguard peach plant having 15-20cm in length and 0.8-1.2cm in diameter with 6-7 buds were prepared in the first fortnight of January .The basal portion of the cuttings was dipped in different doses of IBA viz. 1000ppm, 2000ppm, 3000ppm, 4000pppm, 5000ppm and control (without IBA treatment) for 1-2 minutes and planted in an open field conditions by following the recommended cultural practices for nursery raising. It was noticed that hardwood cuttings of Flordaguard peach treated with 3000ppm of IBA for 1- 2 minutes significantly took the minimum number of days to sprouting (7.05), rooting (6.0) with highest sprouting percentage (98.45%), survival percentage (90.55%), plant height(195.45cm), plant girth(10.50cm), number of branches(13.50) ,number of leaves (260.4), leaf length (19.55cm), leaf breadth (4.12cm), leaf weight (2.0gm), per-cent rooting (94.45%), number of roots (75.83), root length (38.0cm), root girth (0.98 cm) and root weight (13.50gm).Therefore, the application of 3000 ppm IBA was found to be best in terms of rooting, survival and vegeta-tive growth of hardwood cuttings of Flordaguard peach (Prunus persicaL. Batch). The beneficial effect of present work develop protocol which can be reliably used to develop the rootstock plant of Flordaguard which is resistant to nematodes through cutting which become ready for budding/grafting in the field in one year instead of two years as raised through see

Effect of different treatments of ethrel on ripening behaviour and post- harvest quality of mango (Mangiferaindica L.) during storage

An experiment was done to assess the effect of various post -harvest treatments of ethrel on ripening behaviour and post -harvest quality of mango cv. Amrapali (Mangiferaindica L.) during storage at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur during the years 2013-14 and 2014-15. The experiment was planned under completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The treatment units was six fruits per replication. Total five treatments and control were applied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of ethrel (500 ppm, 750 ppm, 1000 ppm,1250 ppm, 1500 ppm and control ) on shelf life of mango fruits when stored under ambient conditions. The treated fruits were assessed for physiological changes fruit colour, flavour/aroma, organoleptic taste, marketability, ripening, specific gravity, moisture loss, decay, physiological loss in weight (PLW), total soluble solids (TSS), acidity and sugars. The observations were recorded at 5, 8 and 11 days after storage. At 11th day of storage these mangoes exhibited deep yellow fruit colour with excellent flavour, organoleptic taste and highly acceptable marketability at 1000 ppm ethrel treatment as compared to other ethrel doses. Fruit ripening (100%), specific gravity (0.84), TSS(23°Brix) and sugars(20.65%) were highest in the fruits treated with 1000ppm ethrel as compared to rest of treatments at 11th day of storage. Lowest moisture loss (8.5%), decay (1%), PLW(12.50%) and acidity(0.12%) were observed in the fruits treated with 1000ppm of ethrel as compared to rest of treatments at 11th day of storage. The beneficial effect of the present study is to overcome the problem of uneven and late ripening of Amrapali mango by postharvest treatment of ethrel at 1000 ppm at their mature green stage to develop typical fruit flavour with excellent fruit quality

ASSESSMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS WITH SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS

Objective: The main aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of lipid and lipoproteins in causing secondary microvascular complications in diabetic patients. Patients of Type II diabetes mellitus are highly susceptible to various complications due to long-term persistence of hyperglycemic state in the body. Thus, it is imperative to study the effect of hyperglycemia on lipids as their subsequent oxidation can lead to complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy in diabetics which can further lead to macrovascular complications in the body. Methods: The diabetic patients were divided into two groups, based on the presence/absence of secondary microvascular complications, namely, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Two types of cases were included in the study, on the basis of duration, namely, 0–5 years and 5–10 years duration. Blood samples were collected and levels of hemoglobin and glycated hemoglobin were determined. The biochemical parameters, namely, random blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and very LDLs were estimated. Results: The lipid levels altered in diabetic patients, leading to the dyslipidemia and the cumulative effect of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia leads to the oxidative stress in the body. The increased oxidation of lipids may lead to the occurrence of microvascular complications in the body. Furthermore, dyslipidemia has been found more prevalent in males as compared to females. Conclusion: Due to the increased prevalence of diabetes in India, funding of this study would suggest that there is a need to accelerate the importance of monitoring lipid levels in diabetes. Diabetic patients should routinely monitor their glycemic status, renal, and lipid profile to avert microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus