Clitic blocking as a side-effect of 1st/2nd person licensing: The case of -suu in Punjabi

The 3rd person object clitic –suu in Punjabi is blocked with 1st/2nd subjects, but not 3rd subjects. Presenting these novel facts, this paper explains blocking effects on -suu as a side-effect of the person licensing requirements of 1st/2nd subjects. I propose that –suu is licensed at FP, to which it moves via the Part/T head. In a derivation with 1st/2nd subjects, this movement is impeded due to mismatching person features on the licensing Part head. Conversely, in a structure with 3rd subjects, there is no 1st/2nd person feature bearing PartP to obstruct the clitic’s movement.

A Review on Hierarchical Unequal Clustering Based Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are drawing attention of various researchers in the area of wireless sensing technology. The one of the major constraint on WSNs is the limited battery resources. Due to this, the routing among sensor nodes plays a vital role in reducing the energy consumption of nodes. Clustering not only provides scalability to the network, but it also balances the energy consumption among nodes according to their roles in the cluster. Equal clustering creates the problem of Hot-Spot among those nodes that have to relay the data from the farther clusters. In this paper we have studied various routing protocols which follow unequal clustering. It is found after studying these protocols that unequal clustering help tremendously in saving the energy and avoids the problem of Hot-Spot

Energy Efficient data collection through Double Cluster Heads in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network is the revolution in the sensors applicability in the modern era. Almost every sector is influenced by the wireless sensor networks. The one of the major constraint in the WSN is the limited battery resources. The efficient routing techniques have to be developed to take concern of the network lifetime. There have been various routing strategies aiming to enhance network lifetime. In this paper, we have proposed the two levels of Cluster Heads (CHs) in each cluster to make the data forwarding much efficient towards the Base Station (BS). By employing two cluster heads, the load of single CH is distributed with the other one. Main CH (MCH) will collect the data from the assistant CH (ACH) and then it will be forwarded to the BS or to the other MCH. Results in MATLAB shows that the proposed protocol has given the much enlarged network lifetime

Evaluation of thermotolerant rhizobacteria for multiple plant growth promoting traits from pigeonpea rhizosphere

PGPR strains exhibiting optimum functional traits at high temperature and are compatible with Rhizobium can be used in pigeonpea as biofertilizer. A total of 45 rhizobacterial isolates were isolated from 13 different locations of pigeonpearhizospheric soil of Punjab. Out of the 45 isolates, 5 isolates selected on the basis of maximum growth at 30°C and 40°C were morphologically and biochemically characterized, belonging to genera Pseudomonas (P-6, P-9) and Bacillus (P-30, P-31, P-32). Selected isolates were further evaluated for the production of IAA, GA, SA and flavonoids. IAA production was estimated in the range from 0.45-25.13 ?g/ml and 4.62-34.34 ?g/ml in the presence of tryptophan at 30 and 40°C respectively. Maximum gibberellic acid production was recorded with P-30 (108.99 ?g/ml and 112.12 ?g/ml) at 30 and 40°C respectively. Similarly maximum salicylic acid was also estimated with P-30 (157.2 ?g/ml) followed by P-31 (141.0 ?g/ml) at 40°C. All the isolates were also found to produce flavonoids ranged from 2.98 - 4.40 ?g/ml at 40 °C. Isolates P-30, P-31 showed superior production of growth hormones and flavonoid-like compounds can further be tested under the field conditions to enhance growth and yield of pigeonpea

The Perfect Nominative

Western Indo-Aryan languages are widely known to host ergative subjects in the perfective. However, there is very little discussion on the optional inclusion of nominative subjects with perfect unergatives. This paper highlights such variation data from two WIALs Punjabi and Gujarati, along with the structural similarities and differences between their transitives and unergatives. It proposes that the optional nominative in the perfective is indicative of a full-phi T head selection, necessitated by case-competition between the two arguments of the unergative at the edge of vP.

Effect of obesity on lung volumes among adults

Background: Obesity has long been recognized to have significant effect on respiratory functions. Many studies have reported exponential decrease in pulmonary function test (PFT) with increasing body mass index (BMI), which is a crude indicator of obesity. Also, the relationship between BMI and PFTs varies with age, race, geographical region and the different obesity standards used. To the best of our knowledge, not many studies have been done to examine the relationship between obesity and lung volumes among adults in our region, Jammu. This cross-sectional study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of obesity on lung function test in obese but otherwise healthy adults of Jammu region.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jammu region on subjects selected randomly from different colleges in the age group of 18-40 years. The study involved 300 subjects; divided into three groups of 100 each, based on BMI into normal, overweight and obese groups. Four respiratory parameters viz. FVC (Forced Vital Capacity), FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second), FEV3 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 3 seconds), and MVV (Maximum Voluntary Ventilation) were used to assess their lung functions.Results: All the respiratory parameters exhibited statistically significant decrease in obese groups as compared to normal and overweight groups.Conclusions: The present study suggests that obesity alters the respiratory physiology by producing a restrictive ventilatory pattern

Braj in the Ergativity Hierarchy

In generative literature, it is often assumed that closely related varieties differ minimally due to local effects of features (Barbiers 2009, Kayne 2000, 2013), with these small-scale differences located on the lower end of the Parameter Hierarchy (Biberauer and Roberts 2012, Roberts 2012). This paper re-visits one such hierarchy on ergativity (Sheehan 2017) by presenting novel dialectal data from Braj (Indic). Specifically, we illustrate that (a) ergative micro-variations in the language ensue not from feature level variation, but from underlying syntactic structures which in turn, have consequences for a v+erg head; these structural changes, however, affect a small domain, and (b) there exist cases of intra-dialectal case alignment variation, unpredicted by the hierarchy, which we relate to a phi-complete T head that is gradually superseding the v+erg head

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Measurements of Steroids in Biological Samples for Clinical Research Studies: Methodology and Application

The advent of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with soft ionization method has expanded the scope for measurement of steroids from biological matrices with higher accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and requires less sample preparation. The overall aim of this study is to develop and validate LC-MS/MS methods to measure steroids from biological samples for clinical research studies. A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS assay was developed and validated to measure steroids from dried blood spots (DBS) samples to assess the feasibility and pharmacology of subcutaneous (sc) injection of androgen ester in healthy men using DBS for frequent sampling. The study demonstrated a sustained release of this androgen ester which suggests that sc injections of testosterone esters may prove to be pharmacologically effective. A LC-MS/MS assay was also developed to measure urinary androgens and estrogen in adolescents and subsequently to relate the changes in the urinary sex hormones over 12 months to the standard anthropometric markers of puberty. We found that the urine hormone measurements correlated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with age, anthropometry and Tanner stage. We also investigated whether first morning void urine hormones in growing adolescents require adjustments for urine dilution/concentration and, if so, whether urinary creatinine or specific gravity (SG) are better adjustments. The study demonstrates that urine steroid and LH concentrations in first morning void samples of adolescents are not significantly influenced by hydration status and may not require adjustments; however, if desired, both creatinine and SG adjustments are equally suitable. We also assessed whether commercially available luteinizing hormone (LH) immunoassays (immunochemiluminometric, ICL and immunofluorometric, IF) previously validated for human blood samples is suitable for urine samples kept at prolonged frozen (4 years). We found that both immunoassays are suitable for urinary LH measurements with ICL assay being more robust for quantitative urinary LH measurement such as for anti-doping purpose whereas the IF could be applicable for research studies where urine LH levels are compared within-study but not in absolute terms