Ecology of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus Planipennis: Buprestidae) in Louisiana

In 2015, emerald ash borer (EAB) was detected in North Louisiana (LA). There is no information on wood inhabiting insects of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) trees, phenology and parasitoid establishment in LA. The first objective of the study was to quantify the insect assemblages and to compare their diversity, abundance and evenness within the epicenter of the EAB infestations in North LA including regions in Central and South LA where EAB has not been detected yet. We established four treatments, based on log diameter: small and large; and log condition: dead and live for green ash. All the insects collected bimonthly from emergence traps were identified to family level. A total of 25, 420 insects belonging to 104 families and 11 orders were collected. Assemblages differed among live large trees (Wald test = 8.016, P \u3c 0.01), which composed of greater percentages of Mycetophilidae (Diptera), Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera), Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), and Liposcelididae (Psocodea). Total abundance for live small logs was 11.5-times higher than live large, and 7.7-times higher than dead small logs at non- EAB 1 site due to niche differences. Shannon’s diversity and evenness were found to be higher in dead small, live large, and live small logs at non-EAB 2 site. The potential changes to local ash bottomlands after the EAB invasion in LA are also discussed. The second objective was to determine the phenology of EAB and establishment of non-native parasitoids. Results focused on life history of EAB suggested the fast development of EAB in LA along with its one generation life cycle in LA. Adults emerged from April to June. EAB larvae appeared earlier in season including June for L1, L2, L3 and August for L4, Then, J larvae were collected in July until March. These J larvae later pupate (January- March) while some overwinter. Additionally, parasitoid recovery studies did not yield any released parasitoid except one specimen of Oobius agrili (an egg parasitoid) in northern LA. EAB’s fast development, one generation cycle along with regional differences such as subtropical climate in LA compared to the native range of parasitoids would affect EAB biocontrol in LA

The Code on Wages - A Critical Analysis

The Indian economy is dualistic It consists of both sectors one is well organized and another is unorganized informal sector The informal sector is dominated by self-employed persons Employment in the informal sector is uncertain The workers in the informal sector have no access to social security wage protection and a decent wage To address the issue of decent jobs the government of India tried to focus on the social protection and enforcement of the wage legislation Article 43 of the Constitution states that The state shall endeavor to secure by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way to all workers agricultural industrial or otherwise work a living wage conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities in particular 1 Article 39 of the Constitution states that the State shall in particular direct its policy towards securing a that the citizen men and women equally shall have the right to an adequate livelihood and b that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women 2 In the light of the abovementioned articles of the Constitution the paper is an attempt to analyzing the code on wages 2019 and its provision

Intra-cervical foley’s catheter or PGE2 gel for induction of labour: which one is better: a prospective study

Background: Labour is clinically defined as the initiation and perpetuation of uterine contraction with goal of producing progressive cervical effacement and dilatation. The Foley’s catheter is an effective alternative to prostaglandins for cervical ripening/labour induction. Study was done to compare the efficacy of intracervical Foley’s catheter and PGE2 gel as a cervical ripening agent and to study maternal and fetal outcome in terms of mode of delivery and Apgar score.Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology department, Government Medical College, Patiala. 200 women with indication for induction of labour were enrolled in the study to investigate the efficacy and fetomaternal outcome of induction of labour with intracervical Foley’s catheter comparing with PGE2 gel.Results: The mean age in group A was 24.41±3.37 and in group B was 24.24±3.17 years. The 95% women were induced successfully in group A and 97% were successfully induced in group B. Preeclampsia and postdatism were the most common indications for induction in both groups. The mean induction delivery interval in group A was 15.20±4.53 hours and in group B was 15.86±4.79 hours. 4.21% cases required NICU admission in group A while in group B, it was 5.15% cases.Conclusions: Our study concludes that there is no difference in efficacy between intracervical Foley’s catheter and intracervical PGE2 gel for induction of labour and both methods are complementary to each other

FLOW OF ELECTRONS IN TREES AND GROWTH OF TREES AND PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

in trees solar energy is used in the process of photosynthesis .In photosynthesis Green leaves of trees convert this solar energy into different forms of energies for the growth of tree. As the law states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Same thing is happen in trees. Solar energy is in the form of light rays which consists electrons .These electrons are used by the tree and provides them sufficient nutrients for the growth of tree. These electrons are cyclic electrons and provide energy to trees. These electrons are flow in trees and produced very small amount of electricity which lies in the range micro voltage. The amount of flow of electrons is different in different types of trees and environmental conditions. Flow of electrons at the night time slow as compare to day. In trees we are using only one electrode to generate electricity which also reduces the production cost of electricity, but in lemon and potatoes we are using two electrodes to generate electricity. We can also generated sufficient amount of electricity from trees by using custom made voltage booster by using nanotechnology

A study of maternal near miss cases in tertiary health centre in north India

Background: Maternal near miss is defined as woman who nearly died but survived a complication that occurred during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.Methods: It was one-and-a-half-year prospective study from April 2016 to September 2017 conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College, Patiala. The causes of maternal near miss based on WHO 2010 Near Miss criteria were studied.Results: In the present study out of total deliveries of 6166, there were 5461 live births and 123 maternal near miss cases which were included based on WHO 2010 maternal near miss approach. The maternal near miss incidence ratio (MNMR) in present study is 22.5. Literature reports the similar trends and MNMR varies between 15 to 40 per 1000 live births. Maternal near miss to mortality ratio is 1.89:1 in the present study.Conclusions: The most common direct cause for maternal near miss is hemorrhage. Severe preeclampsia is one of the easiest identifiable and avoidable factors for preventing maternal death. Studying near miss in detail allows us proper assessment of opportunities that were missed, analyzing the gaps and patient care related factors and helps to develop an audit system for maternal care

EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND TRACE ELEMENTS ON THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF PLEUROTUS SAPIDUS QUÉL.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of biochemical sources viz., growth regulators and trace elements on the vegetative growth of Pleurotus sapidus Quél. It has a great commercial potential being an edible and wood decaying fungus. Mushrooms need carbon and nitrogen for structural and functional purposes in addition to trace elements, growth regulators and vitamins. Therefore, evaluation of their role in influencing the growth of the mushroom is a necessary aspect to be studied.Methods: Fresh sporocarps of P. sapidus were collected from rotten stumps of Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br and its pure culture was raised on Potato Dextrose Agar medium. The malt broth liquid medium at 28±1 °C was used as a basal medium for investigating the role of growth regulators (gibberellic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and kinetin) and trace elements (manganese, iron, molybdenum, boron and zinc). Different concentrations of growth regulators and salts with trace elements were added to separate medium flask to compare the growth.Results: The comparative study of various concentrations of growth regulators and trace elements has shown that the cultures supplemented with 5 ppm gibberellic acid and 5 ppm boron, respectively gave maximum mycelial growth of P. sapidus.Conclusion: The vegetative growth of P. sapidus can be enhanced by adding gibberellic acid and boron in the basal medium

Awareness of rural women of Punjab regarding pollution causing and environmentally safe waste disposal practices

Household waste disposal practices are main source of pollution. Rural folk dispose their waste in open areas due to lack of awareness about their consequences. Some practices were identified to check their awareness about these practices. The present study was conducted to find out the awareness regarding pollution causing and environmentally safe waste disposal practices in three regions of Punjab i.e. Majha, Malwa and Doaba. For this purpose, 240 rural women of district Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Ludhiana were selected. Data were collected through interview schedule. The study findings revealed that large majority of respondents (91.67 per cent) were aware regarding open drainage of water is source of pollution followed by 87.33 per cent regarding burning of waste and plastic in open air causes pollution. Data regarding environmentally safe waste disposal practices showed that large majority of respondents were aware that selling of electrical waste (90%), disposal in closed container (87.08 %) and faecal matter disposal in pakka pits (80%) are safe disposal practices for environment. About eighty per cent of respondent had high level of awareness. Age, education, mass media exposure, family education and family size were significantly correlated with level of awareness. Although the women had awareness about pollution causing practices but they don’t know the alternatives and management strategies to control pollution

Multiple urinary bladder calculi: a rare cause of irreducible uterovaginal prolapse

A case of irreducible prolapse with multiple bladder calculi in a 65-years-old multiparous, postmenopausal woman is reported. Inability to walk, constipation and urinary incontinence were her primary complaints. Routine ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis failed to reveal multiple vesical calculi as the prolapse was lying outside the pelvis. However, targeted plain X-ray of the prolapsed mass showed multiple vesical calculi. The patient was managed with single-stage vaginal hysterectomy and laparotomy. First vaginal hysterectomy was done then prolapsed cystocele was reduced and extraperitoneal vesicolithotomy done. Currently, the patient is relieved of all symptoms. Management of an irreducible procidentia and a hard mass in the anterior compartment, as in this case, can be challenging and requires a diligent effort to confirm the diagnosis and to execute the appropriate surgical protocol to achieve optimal outcome with minimal intra- and post-operative complications