VARSINAIS-SUOMALAISET KULTTUURIN KULUTTAJINA 2010-LUVULLA

Mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat ihmisten kulttuuripalvelujen käyttöön? Kulttuurirahasto teetti syys–lokakuussa vuonna 2013 TSN Gallup Oy:llä valtakunnallisen kyselytutkimuksen suomalaisten suhtautumisesta kulttuuriin. Minun pro gradu -tutkielmani tarkastelee tätä aihetta maakunnallisen aineiston pohjalta. Tutkimukseni on kysely ja vertaileva lisätutkimus aiheesta. Tutkimusmenetelmäni on kvantitatiivinen sisältäen useita muuttujia: ikä, sukupuoli, paikkakunta, koulutus ja ammatti. Käsittelen taiteen yksityistä ja julkista rahoitusta, alueellisia eroja sekä taiteen terveys- ja muita vaikutuksia. Rajaan kulttuurin käsittämään vain taiteita. Tutkimuksessani ilmi tulleista tuloksista tärkeimpinä mainitsen seuraavat asiat. Osallistumisen esteistä matkojen pituus oli yksi merkittävimmistä. Aktiivisiin suurkuluttajiin ja valikoiviin kuluttajiin kuuluu naisista 74 %, aiemmin 45 %. Vastaavat luvut miehillä 70 % ja 29 %. Viihteen ja korkeakulttuurin raja näyttää selkiintyneen. Taiteen tukemiseen verovaroin suhtaudutaan samoin kuin aiemmassa tutkimuksessa. Yksi keskeisimmistä näkemyksistä oli, että suomalaisilla pitää olla asuinpaikasta riippumatta tasa-arvoinen mahdollisuus harrastaa taidetta. Lisätutkimuksen kysymykset uusista kulttuurin lajeista eivät tuoneet yllätyksiä. Esteettisten kokemusten arvostus on laskenut. Yhteiskunnallisten tai esteettisten ihanteiden arvostus on kasvanut

Hypatia dalam Novel Azazil dan Film Agora: Kajian Sastra Bandingan

Hypatia adalah ilmuan perempuan dalam bidang filsafat, astronomi, dan matematika keturunan Yunani dari Askandariyah Mesir yang terbunuh mengenaskan akibat tindakan represi agama. Kisah hidupnya yang begitu mengenaskan menarik para penggiat karya untuk mengangkat kisahnya dalam karya-karya mereka seperti yang terdapat dalam novel Azazil karya Youssef Ziedan dan juga dalam film Agora karya sutradara Alejandro Amenabar. Novel Azazil dan film Agora mengangkat kisah Hypatia dengan versi dan jalan cerita yang berbeda. Hypatia yang diangkat dalam kedua karya mereka terinspirasi dari sejarahnya, akan tetapi dari kedua karya tersebut tidak akan terpisah jauh dari kreativitas pengarang. Oleh karena itu untuk mengkaji kedua karya tersebut dari sisi persamaan dengan sejarah yang dijadikan sebgai hipogram dan perbedaanya, maka dibutuhkan cabang ilmu sastra yaitu kajian sastra bandingan. Pengkajian perbandingan novel Azazil dengan film Agora ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. &nbsp

Biochemical enrichment and biophysical characterization of a taste receptor for L-arginine from the catfish, Ictalurus puntatus

BACKGROUND: The channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is invested with a high density of cutaneous taste receptors, particularly on the barbel appendages. Many of these receptors are sensitive to selected amino acids, one of these being a receptor for L-arginine (L-Arg). Previous neurophysiological and biophysical studies suggested that this taste receptor is coupled directly to a cation channel and behaves as a ligand-gated ion channel receptor (LGICR). Earlier studies demonstrated that two lectins, Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA-I) and Phaseolus vulgaris Erythroagglutinin (PHA-E), inhibited the binding of L-Arg to its presumed receptor sites, and that PHA-E inhibited the L-Arg-stimulated ion conductance of barbel membranes reconstituted into lipid bilayers. RESULTS: Both PHA-E and RCA-I almost exclusively labeled an 82–84 kDa protein band of an SDS-PAGE of solubilized barbel taste epithelial membranes. Further, both rhodamine-conjugated RCA-I and polyclonal antibodies raised to the 82–84 kDa electroeluted peptides labeled the apical region of catfish taste buds. Because of the specificity shown by RCA-I, lectin affinity was chosen as the first of a three-step procedure designed to enrich the presumed LGICR for L-Arg. Purified and CHAPS-solubilized taste epithelial membrane proteins were subjected successively to (1), lectin (RCA-I) affinity; (2), gel filtration (Sephacryl S-300HR); and (3), ion exchange chromatography. All fractions from each chromatography step were evaluated for L-Arg-induced ion channel activity by reconstituting each fraction into a lipid bilayer. Active fractions demonstrated L-Arg-induced channel activity that was inhibited by D-arginine (D-Arg) with kinetics nearly identical to those reported earlier for L-Arg-stimulated ion channels of native barbel membranes reconstituted into lipid bilayers. After the final enrichment step, SDS-PAGE of the active ion channel protein fraction revealed a single band at 82–84 kDa which may be interpreted as a component of a multimeric receptor/channel complex. CONCLUSIONS: The data are consistent with the supposition that the L-Arg receptor is a LGICR. This taste receptor remains active during biochemical enrichment procedures. This is the first report of enrichment of an active LGICR from the taste system of vertebrata

Modeling-independent elucidation of inactivation pathways in recombinant and native A-type Kv channels.

A-type voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channels self-regulate their activity by inactivating directly from the open state (open-state inactivation [OSI]) or by inactivating before they open (closed-state inactivation [CSI]). To determine the inactivation pathways, it is often necessary to apply several pulse protocols, pore blockers, single-channel recording, and kinetic modeling. However, intrinsic hurdles may preclude the standardized application of these methods. Here, we implemented a simple method inspired by earlier studies of Na(+) channels to analyze macroscopic inactivation and conclusively deduce the pathways of inactivation of recombinant and native A-type Kv channels. We investigated two distinct A-type Kv channels expressed heterologously (Kv3.4 and Kv4.2 with accessory subunits) and their native counterparts in dorsal root ganglion and cerebellar granule neurons. This approach applies two conventional pulse protocols to examine inactivation induced by (a) a simple step (single-pulse inactivation) and (b) a conditioning step (double-pulse inactivation). Consistent with OSI, the rate of Kv3.4 inactivation (i.e., the negative first derivative of double-pulse inactivation) precisely superimposes on the profile of the Kv3.4 current evoked by a single pulse because the channels must open to inactivate. In contrast, the rate of Kv4.2 inactivation is asynchronous, already changing at earlier times relative to the profile of the Kv4.2 current evoked by a single pulse. Thus, Kv4.2 inactivation occurs uncoupled from channel opening, indicating CSI. Furthermore, the inactivation time constant versus voltage relation of Kv3.4 decreases monotonically with depolarization and levels off, whereas that of Kv4.2 exhibits a J-shape profile. We also manipulated the inactivation phenotype by changing the subunit composition and show how CSI and CSI combined with OSI might affect spiking properties in a full computational model of the hippocampal CA1 neuron. This work unambiguously elucidates contrasting inactivation pathways in neuronal A-type Kv channels and demonstrates how distinct pathways might impact neurophysiological activity

Dynamic Coupling of Voltage Sensor and Gate Involved in Closed-State Inactivation of Kv4.2 Channels

Voltage-gated potassium channels related to the Shal gene of Drosophila (Kv4 channels) mediate a subthreshold-activating current (ISA) that controls dendritic excitation and the backpropagation of action potentials in neurons. Kv4 channels also exhibit a prominent low voltage–induced closed-state inactivation, but the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we examined a structural model in which dynamic coupling between the voltage sensors and the cytoplasmic gate underlies inactivation in Kv4.2 channels. We performed an alanine-scanning mutagenesis in the S4-S5 linker, the initial part of S5, and the distal part of S6 and functionally characterized the mutants under two-electrode voltage clamp in Xenopus oocytes. In a large fraction of the mutants (>80%) normal channel function was preserved, but the mutations influenced the likelihood of the channel to enter the closed-inactivated state. Depending on the site of mutation, low-voltage inactivation kinetics were slowed or accelerated, and the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation was shifted positive or negative. Still, in some mutants these inactivation parameters remained unaffected. Double mutant cycle analysis based on kinetic and steady-state parameters of low-voltage inactivation revealed that residues known to be critical for voltage-dependent gate opening, including Glu 323 and Val 404, are also critical for Kv4.2 closed-state inactivation. Selective redox modulation of corresponding double-cysteine mutants supported the idea that these residues are involved in a dynamic coupling, which mediates both transient activation and closed-state inactivation in Kv4.2 channels

Accounting for a Quantitative Trait Locus for Plasma Triglyceride Levels: Utilization of Variants in Multiple Genes

For decades, research efforts have tried to uncover the underlying genetic basis of human susceptibility to a variety of diseases. Linkage studies have resulted in highly replicated findings and helped identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for many complex traits; however identification of specific alleles accounting for linkage remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether with a sufficient number of variants a linkage signal can be fully explained.We used comprehensive fine-mapping using a dense set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the entire quantitative trait locus (QTL) on human chromosome 7q36 linked to plasma triglyceride levels. Analyses included measured genotype and combined linkage association analyses.Screening this linkage region, we found an over representation of nominally significant associations in five genes (MLL3, DPP6, PAXIP1, HTR5A, INSIG1). However, no single genetic variant was sufficient to account for the linkage. On the other hand, multiple variants capturing the variation in these five genes did account for the linkage at this locus. Permutation analyses suggested that this reduction in LOD score was unlikely to have occurred by chance (p = 0.008).With recent findings, it has become clear that most complex traits are influenced by a large number of genetic variants each contributing only a small percentage to the overall phenotype. We found that with a sufficient number of variants, the linkage can be fully explained. The results from this analysis suggest that perhaps the failure to identify causal variants for linkage peaks may be due to multiple variants under the linkage peak with small individual effect, rather than a single variant of large effect

Tietoturvahaaste : capture the flag

Opinnäytetyön aiheena oli tutkia, miten capture the flag-haaste soveltuu vasta-alkajan tutustuttamiseen perustason tietoturvauhkiin. Tutkimuksessa esitellään helposti ymmärrettävä haaste, johon tutustutaan tietoturvatestaamisen viiden perusvaiheen (tiedustelu, skannaus, pääsy järjestelmään, pääsyn ylläpito ja jälkien peittely) kautta. Tutkimustyö suoritettiin virtualisoinnilla ja siihen käytettiin Kali Linux -käyttöjärjestelmää. Tämän lisäksi esitellään tietoturvatestaamista yleisellä tasolla, sekä käydään läpi tietoturvauhkia, joihin itse haasteessa ei päästä tutustumaan. Tutkimuksen aineistona toimi mm. Cisco Networks-blogi, tunnetun tietoturvayhtiö Nortonin artikkeli, sekä muutama muu vähemmän tunnettu tietolähde. Haasteen tuloksista saatiin selville, että tietoturvatestaamisessa kaikki ei ole aina itsestään selvää ja haasteen suoritus edellyttikin sekä pitkäjänteisyyttä, että päättelykykyä. Tuloksista nähtiin, että suurin osa haavoittuvuuksista nojasi hyvin pitkälti virheelliseen konfiguraatioon (esimerkiksi liian laajat käyttöoikeudet, sekä liian heikot salasanat). Työssä ei myöskään vältytty ongelmilta ja kenties suurin yksittäinen ongelma oli Kali Linuxissa olevan John nimisen ohjelman heikko toiminta, joka onneksi saatiin korvattua toisella vastaavalla ohjelmalla. Tutkimuksen näkökulmasta haasteen suorittaminen oli verrattain helppoa, joten voidaan sanoa, että ainakin työssä käytetty haaste soveltuu hyvin tietoturvatestaamisen aloittamiseen ja siitä on helppo jatkaa eteenpäin vaikeampiin haasteisiin.The subject of the thesis was to explore, how capture the flag-challenge is suitable for teaching basic cybersecurity for beginners. In study, there is one basic level challenge, which is completed using five basic structure of cybersecurity (resonance, scanning, exploitation, maintaining access and covering tracks). Study was completed using virtualization technology and Kali Linux operating system. In addition, there is introduction for cybersecurity in basic level and threats that were not included in the challenge. Cisco Networks blog, well known cybersecurity company Norton article and couple of others not so well-known articles were used for literature. After the challenge was completed there were no doubts that in cybersecurity everything is not always obvious and it needs perseverance and reasoning ability to complete these challenges. Result show that many of the vulnerabilities of the challenge were based on poor configuration (for example too much rights were given for users and passwords were weak). Problems were also present in the study and biggest problem was that John (which is password cracking tool in Kali Linux) was not working as it should. However, that problem was countered using similar program that worked like it should. From view of the study challenge was basically easy, so it can be said that at least this challenge was very well made for beginners and it is easy to continue cybersecurity testing from this point using harder challenges

Sosok Cleopatra dalam Pandangan Bernard Shaw dan Taufik Hakim

Abstrak Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang mengkaji sosok Cleopatra dengan kajian yang merujuk pada analisis sastra bandingan. Tulisan ini mengkaji sosok Cleopatra dari dari karya sastra yang berupa drama yang dikarang oleh Bernard Shaw yang judul “Cleopatra and Ceasar” dan cerpen milik Taufik Al-Hakim yang berjudul “كليوباترة وماك” dengan sejarah yang akan menjadi hipogram dari kedua karyanya. Penelitian yang menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik ini bertujuan untuk menelaah pengaruh sejarah dalam penggamabaran sosok Cleopatra  dari dua sastrawan yang memiliki latar belakang yang berbeda dengan memunculkan fakta-fakta yang ditemukan berupa kutipan-kutipan yang terdapat di dalam kedua karya sastra tersebut. Kesimpulan yang dapat dipetik dari penelitian yang berbasis analisis sastra bandingan ini bahwa penggambaran sosok Cleopatra yang dilukiskan oleh Bernard Shaw dan Taufik al-Hakim dalam karya sastranya merujuk pada sejarah kehidupan Cleopatra yang ada. Bukan hanya itu saja, pengambaran sosok Cleopatra oleh keduanya tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kreatifitas-kreatifitas yang dibangun oleh kdeuanya dengan latar belakang pengarang yang mereka miliki. Kata Kunci: Drama, Cerpen, Cleopatra    Abstract This research is a study that examines Cleopatra's figure refers to comparative literary analysis. This paper examines Cleopatra's figure from a literary work in the form of a drama composed by Bernard Shaw by tittle "Cleopatra and Ceasar" and Taufik Al-Hakim's short story by tittle "كليوباترة وماك" with a history that will be a hypogram of both their works. The research was using this descriptive analytical method aims to examine the influence of history in the description of Cleopatra's figure from two writers who have different backgrounds by bringing up the facts in the form of quotes contained in the two literary works. The conclusion that can be drawn from this research based on comparative literary analysis is the representation of Cleopatra's figure depicted by Bernard Shaw and Taufik al-Hakim in their literary work refers to the history of Cleopatra's life. Not only that, the depiction of Cleopatra's figure by both can not be separated from the creativity that was built by the background of the authors. Keywords: Drama, Short stories, Cleopatr